First Grade Classroom Analysis

Motivations to Learn French There are a wide range of motivations to become familiar with an unknown dialect when all is said in done and French specifically. Lets start with the general. Why Learn a Foreign Language? Correspondence An undeniable motivation to become familiar with another dialect is to have the option to speak with the individuals who talk it. This incorporates both the individuals you meet when going just as individuals in your locale. Your outing to another nation will be significantly improved in both simplicity of correspondence and benevolence on the off chance that you communicate in the language. Communicating in anothers language shows regard for that culture, and individuals in each nation lean toward it when sightseers put forth an attempt to communicate in the neighborhood language, regardless of whether everything you can say in it is hi and please. Additionally, learning another dialect can likewise assist you with communicating with neighborhood settler populaces at home. Social Understanding Communicating in another dialect encourages you to become more acquainted with others and their way of life, as language and culture go inseparably. Since language at the same time characterizes and is characterized by our general surroundings, learning another dialect opens ones psyche to new thoughts and better approaches for taking a gander at the world. For instance, the way that numerous dialects have more than one interpretation of you demonstrates that these dialects (and the way of life that talk them) place a more noteworthy accentuation on recognizing crowds than does English. French recognizes tu (natural) and vous (formal/plural), while Spanish has five words that show one of four classifications: recognizable/particular (tã º or vos, contingent upon the nation), recognizable/plural (vosotros), formal/solitary (Ud) and formal/plural (Uds). Then, Arabic recognizes nta (manly solitary), nti (female particular), and ntuma (plural). Interestingly, English uses you for manly, female, natural, formal, solitary, and plural. The way that these dialects have such various perspectives on shows social contrasts between the individuals who talk them: French and Spanish spotlight on nature versus convention, while Arabic accentuates sexual orientation. This is only one case of a considerable lot of the etymological and social contrasts between dialects. Additionally, when you communicate in another dialect, you can appreciate writing, film, and music in the first language. It is very hard for an interpretation to be an ideal imitation of the first; the most ideal approach to comprehend what the writer implied is to peruse what the writer composed. Business and Careers Communicating in more than one language is an expertise which will expand your attractiveness. Schools and businesses will in general favor up-and-comers who talk at least one unknown dialects. Despite the fact that English is broadly spoken in a great part of the world, the truth of the matter is that the worldwide economy relies upon correspondence. When managing France, for instance, somebody who communicates in French will have an undeniable preferred position over somebody who doesnt. Language Enhancement Learning another dialect can assist you with understanding your own. Numerous dialects have added to the improvement of English, so learning those will show you where words and even linguistic structures are from, and increase your jargon for sure. Additionally, in figuring out how another dialect varies from your own, you will expand your comprehension of your language. For some individuals, language is inborn we realize how to state something, however we dont fundamentally know why we state it that way. Learning another dialect can change that.Each ensuing language you study will be, in certain regards, somewhat simpler, in light of the fact that youve effectively figured out how to gain proficiency with another dialect. Furthermore, if the dialects are connected, for example, French and Spanish, German and Dutch, or Arabic and Hebrew, some of what youve effectively realized will apply to the new dialect also, making the new dialect that a lot simpler. Grades As long periods of unknown dialect study increment, math and verbal SAT scores increment. Youngsters who study an unknown dialect regularly have higher state sanctioned grades in math, perusing, and language expressions. Unknown dialect study can assist with expanding critical thinking aptitudes, memory, and self-control. Why Learn French? On the off chance that you are a local English speaker, perhaps the best motivation to learn French is to assist you with understanding your language. Albeit English is a Germanic language, French has enormously affected it. French is the biggest benefactor of remote words in English. Except if your English jargon is a lot higher than average,â learning Frenchâ will enormously increment the quantity of English words you know. French is communicated in as a local language in excess of two dozen nations on five mainlands. Contingent upon your sources, French is either the eleventh or the thirteenth most basic local language on the planet, with 72 to 79 million local speakers and another 190 million optional speakers. French is the second most ordinarily showed second language on the planet (after English), making it a genuine chance that communicating in French will prove to be useful for all intents and purposes anyplace you travel. French in Business In 2003, the United States was Frances driving financial specialist, representing 25% of the new openings made in France from remote speculation. There are 2,400 US organizations in France creating 240,000 employments. American organizations with workplaces in France incorporate IBM, Microsoft, Mattel, Dow Chemical, SaraLee, Ford, Coca-Cola, ATT, Motorola, Johnson  Johnson, Ford, and Hewlett Packard. France is the second driving financial specialist in the United States: in excess of 3,000 French organizations have auxiliaries in the US and produce somewhere in the range of 700,000 occupations, including Mack Trucks, Zenith, RCA-Thomson, Bic, and Dannon. French in the United States French is the third most regularly spokenâ non-Englishâ language in US homes and the second most ordinarily showed unknown dialect in the United States (after Spanish). French in the World French is an official working language in handfuls ofâ international associations, including the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, and the International Red Cross. French is the most widely used language of culture, including craftsmanship, food, move, and style. France has won more Nobel Prizes for writing than some other nation on the planet and is one of the top makers of universal movies. French is the second most habitually utilized language on the web. French is positioned as the second most persuasive language on the planet. Goodness, and one other thing-Spanish isâ notâ easier than French! Sources Affirmations Testing Program of the College Board. France in the U.S. Franco-American Business Ties Rock Solid, News from Franceâ vol 04.06, May 19, 2004. Rhodes, N. C., Branaman, L. E. Unknown dialect guidance in the United States: A national study of basic and auxiliary schools. Community for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems, 1999. Summer Institute for Linguistics Ethnologue Survey, 1999. US Census, Ten Languages Most Frequently Spoken at Home Other than English and Spanish: 2000, figure 3. Weber, George. The Worlds 10 Most Influential Languages, Language Today, Vol. 2, Dec 1997.

Downsizing Essay Research Paper In today s free essay sample

Scaling back Essay, Research Paper In today s universe conservation has gotten great known in the corporate and concern universe. How would we as executives handle the impacts of conservation, and is it moral to scale back? These are two extremely of import requests and should be given an extraordinary exchange of thought and thought to those who are influenced with regards to scaling down in the corporate and concern universe. In the course of the last scarcely any mature ages in associations all around the universe we have seen amazing conservation. In the event that you had drawn the normal association five mature ages back it would hold seemed as though a Christmas bar, today it looks progressively like a battercake ( Garters, Reg 4 ) . Organizations declared 677,795 occupation cuts in 1998, the most noteworthy figure of the decennary ( Hoffman, 1 ) . This is a truly elevated figure for 1998, by what method will it be in the new millenary? The one boss request is, is scaling down moral? That is a troublesome request to ask. We will compose a custom article test on Scaling down Essay Research Paper In today s or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Some state it is, the place others state it is non, and is essential for a partnership to keep up bing in to twenty-four hours s showcase. At the point when it comes down to scaling down I thought that it was fascinating from one scholars position of the qualities to hang on a lot of qualities to use as a notice point. Kenneth W. Johnson utilizes the abbreviation EPIC to indicate the qualities set: E=Empathy-thinking about the impacts of 1s picks as they influence others. Bing worried about the outcome one s conclusions have on the individuals who have nothing to do with the assurance itself. P=Patience-taking clasp to see and consider the since quite a while ago run impacts of a pick before doing that pick and moving upon it. I=Integrity-formulating picks that are consistences with one another and with the expressed and usable qualities on sovereign. Attempting for moral congruity in one s judgments. C=Courage-deciding to make what one accepts is correct regardless of whether the ou tcome will non be to everyon # 8217 ; s wishing or may assume to individual misfortune. As chiefs how would we star tect ourselves legitimately and with each piece a lot of effectiveness as conceivable of the stinging of scaling down? One way is to do certain you have a worry defense. The organization builds up believability with both the withdrawing and staying staff by holding a very much imparted solidification program. A composed articulation that clarifies the worry justification for the staffing changes is basic ( Hoffman, 1 ) . Survey plant-shutting statutes to ensure congruity with presentment Torahs for representatives, territory and nearby specialists functionaries. The composed presentment ought to incorporate the day of the period of the cutback, the defense, name and reference of joblessness, and the name of the region approval you will prompt ( Hofffman, 1 ) . Measure the various occupations and check whether they can be consolidated thus take a gander at the worker s and check whether they other than can be joined to those occupations. Most executives like to keep up the most gainful representative s than the individuals who are non. Before you do this do certain you have open introduction reappraisals on all workers or it could return at you, since it is troublesome bounty to put off representatives. To do things a little simpler the representatives ought to know about the scaling down signifier you each piece ahead of schedule as could be expected under the circumstances. That way they can get down the technique of searching for another occupation. The head thing is to keep up in head is to deal with those, as you would want to be dealt with, that sort of respect can travel a long way. There are a lot more Hagiographas on this kind of subject and others with regards to concern, and I myself thought that it was intriguing, and now and again a little disappointing to peruse what a few concerns can or wont accomplish for their representatives. I realize I will make everything in my capacity to make right regardless of whether on occasion they may trust it is non. With respect to the classification it is insightful to cognize the Immigration and Naturalization Services and outs of scaling back for lawful proposes and for individual proposes. The discernment can travel a long way and improve for those concerned.

100 Must-Read Works of Genre-Bending Nonfiction

100 Must-Read Works of Genre-Bending Nonfiction My favorite kind of book is the kind that is hard to describe. The kind that makes booksellers struggle to decide where it should be shelved. Is it memoir or science? Philosophy or essay? Biography or criticism? Current events or autobiography? I dont have to make the bookstore shelving decision myself, not being a bookseller, but I do often have a hard time deciding where to browse in stores. My favorite books are those that hide out in Womens Studies but could also go with Essays, or are in the Nature section but could also fit in Philosophy. Hence this list. Each of these books combines two or more genres or bends the rules or better yet the rules of an already-established form. I considered trying to separate the books in this list into loosely-defined categories such as books with a lot of memoir in them or books that contain science and/or math, but that seemed like an excellent way to give myself a huge headache, and it undermines my whole point: that some books do everything they can to resist classification. So I stuck with alphabetizing them by title. You will see my biases in this list: its very memoir- and essay-heavy, as those are the nonfiction forms I read most often. Its also heavy on the literary and philosophical and leans toward the experimental. As with all lists of this sort, its possible to write an alternate, entirely different list thats equally interesting if not more so. That said, what genre-bending nonfiction would you add? 100 Essays I Dont Have Time to Write, Sarah Ruhl 2500 Random Things About Me Too, Matias Viegener About a Mountain, John DAgata The Address Book, by Sophe Calle Against Interpretation, Susan Sontag The Anatomy of Melancholy, Robert Burton The Argonauts, Maggie Nelson At the Existentialist Cafe, Sarah Bakewell The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, Nirad C. Chaudhuri A Bestiary, Lily Hoang Ban en Banlieue, Bhanu Kapil Between the World and Me, Ta-Nehisi Coates Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, Rebecca West The Blue Jays Dance: A Memoir of Early Motherhood, Louise Erdrich The Body: An Essay, Jenny Boully The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World, Elaine Scarry Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, Gloria Anzaldúa The Compleat Purge, Trisha Low Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, Thomas De Quincey Dictee, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha Dont Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric, Claudia Rankine Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras, Diana Eck Encyclopedia of an Ordinary Life, Amy Krouse Rosenthal Eros the Bittersweet: An Essay, Anne Carson Every Love Story is a Ghost Story: A Life of David Foster Wallace, D. T. Max The Face: A Time Code, Ruth Ozeki The Fall of Language in the Age of English, Minae Mizumura A Fans Notes, Frederick Exley The Folded Clock: A Diary, Heidi Julavits Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer: Richard Holmes The Grey Album: On the Blackness of Blackness, Kevin Young The Hare with the Amber Eyes: A Familys Century of Art and Loss, Edmund de Waal H is for Hawk, Helen Macdonald Heroines, Kate Zambreno A History of Bombing, Sven Lindqvist Hood, Alison Kinney Hotel, Joanna Walsh How to be Black, Baratunde Thurston How to Suppress Womens Writing, Joanna Russ How to Talk About Books You Havent Read, Pierre Bayard In Other Words, Jhumpa Lahiri The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Olaudah Equiano Is God a Mathematician?, Mario Livio Lab Girl, Hope Jahren The Lifespan of a Fact, John DAgata Little Labors, Rivka Galchen The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone, Olivia Laing The Lost Art of Walking: The History, Science, and Literature of Pedestrianism, Geoff Nicholson Lying: A Metaphorical Memoir, Lauren Slater The Magicians Book: A Skeptics Adventures in Narnia, Laura Miller The Morville Hours: The Story of a Garden, Katherine Swift The Motion of Light Water: Sex and Science Fiction Writing In the East Village, Samuel R. Delany My Emily Dickinson, Susan Howe My Paris, Gail Scott My Poets, Maureen McLane A Natural History of the Senses, Diane Ackerman Negroland: A Memoir, Margo Jefferson The Noble Hustle: Poker, Beef Jerky, and Death, Colson Whitehead Now and at the Hour of Our Death, Susana Moreira Marques The Odd Woman and the City: A Memoir, Vivian Gornick Ongoingness: The End of a Diary, Sarah Manguso Out of Sheer Rage: Wrestling with D.H. Lawrence, by Geoff Dyer The Periodic Table, Primo Levi The Pharmacists Mate, Amy Fusselman The Pillow Book, Sei Shonagon The Possessed: Adventures with Russian Books and the People Who Read Them, Elif Batuman The Quest for Corvo: An Experiment in Biography, A.J.A. Symons Rational Mysticism: Spirituality Meets Science in the Search for Enlightenment, John Horgan Reality Hunger: A Manifesto, David Shields Religio Medici and Urne-Buriall, Thomas Browne The Republic of Imagination: A Life in Books, Azar Nafisi The Rings of Saturn, W.G. Sebald The Rodrigo Chronicles: Conversations about America and Race, Richard Delgado Running in the Family, Michael Ondaatje Self-Portrait in Green, Marie NDiaye The Self Unstable, Elisa Gabbert A Sense of the Mysterious: Science and the Human Spirit, Alan Lightman The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes, Janet Malcolm Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, Mary Roach Stranger on a Train: Daydreaming and Smoking Around America with Interruptions, Jenny Diski Teach Us to Sit Still: A Skeptics Search for Health and Healing, Tim Parks The Temptation to Exist, E.M. Cioran Things I Dont Want to Know: On Writing, Deborah Levy Things Seen, Annie Ernaux Tiger Writing: Art, Culture, and the Interdependent Self, Gish Jen Tristes Tropiques, Claude Lévi-Strauss Unmastered: A Book on Desire Most Difficult to Tell, Katherine Angel Twenty Minutes in Manhattan, Michael Sorkin U and I: A True Story, Nicholson Baker Vanishing Point: Not a Memoir, Ander Monson A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail, Bill Bryson The Walk: Notes on a Romantic Image, Jeffrey C. Robinson Wanderlust: A History of Walking, Rebecca Solnit What the Bee Knows: Reflections on Myth, Symbol, and Story, P.L. Travers When Women Were Birds: Fifty-Four Variations on Voice, Terry Tempest Williams The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie, Wendy McClure The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, Maxine Hong Kingston The Women, Hilton Als Writing to Save a Life: The Louis Till File, John Edgar Wideman Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert M. Pirsig

Reflection Paper Reflective Journal Synthesis - 1657 Words

Reflective Journal Synthesis Since the beginning, I have been unsure of what we were going to be doing, and how we were going to be able to interact with the aggregates at the shelter I was assigned to. I struggled with some of the thoughts in my head on how I was going to be open-minded and be non-judgmental during my time there. The first impression I had of the shelter, was very unsettling and worrisome. Putting myself in an uncomfortable position that I had never been before, I was still ready for the challenge and hoping at least to get one good thing out of this experience. In the beginning of book, â€Å"The Successful Internship†, it talked about the power of mindfulness and being present when talking or communicating with others. Being present at any moment in time gives us a sense of worth and accomplishment. Giving others our full attention can give them a sense of hope and a sense of belonging by knowing that someone is paying attention and possibly caring about them. We also must be mindful of our feeling and emotions by acknowledging them. This will help us check our personal feeling about others without projecting any prejudice against them. We experienced many challenges at the shelter from the group of men we came into contact with. The relationship at the beginning was slow coming and it took a few weeks to start creating a bond. There are many different personalities, ethnic backgrounds and sexuality with in the shelter. They have different learningShow MoreRelatedTeacher as Reflective Practitioner and Researcher3683 Words   |  15 PagesCLASSROOM AND BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT : TEACHER AS REFLECTIVE PRACTITIONER AND RESEARCHER INTRODUCTION Teaching profession can be exciting and rewarding, but also very challenging. Teachers-to-be study hard and learn a lot about the ‘basics’ of teaching – curriculum, assessment and pedagogy. The courses include theories about and models of growth and development, teaching and learning, motivation, behavior and pedagogy. Those theories are important because the reality is that children grow up differentlyRead MoreUsing Ict for Distance Learning Essay examples3348 Words   |  14 Pagesthe web site and read how to submit a question and to access my tutor’s response. I will be maintaining effective communication with my tutor by writing my reports and other assignments, by giving evidence through my self-assessment activities, reflective writing, the web searches I have conducted and web links I use, and my independent research. I will use language which is clear and concise and identifies that I have answered the questions and addressed the learning outcomes. This will ensure thatRead MoreReflective Essay2215 Words   |  9 PagesReflective Essay This essay aims to critically review my strengths and weaknesses as a self-regulated learner, in relation to key skills which demonstrate my ability to use reflective practice. Also, the essay will identify and implement the learning skills required to complete the modules in Year 2 of the programme. It will produce and make use of individual learning plans that reflect how I could improve upon my interpersonal skills and implement a personal development plan. Furthermore, a demonstrationRead MoreHow to Improve Systems5445 Words   |  22 Pagesrequest an appointment or drop in to see your instructor during office hours for feedback and/or assistance on your assignment outlines/ideas/work prior to the due date. You are also encouraged to visit The Centre for Student Success to assist you with paper preparation and library staff for help in accessing resources. 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With the help of a computer, the same data or information can be easily clustered or cut in quite different ways to help the user to view the same problem or topic from quiteRead MoreEducational drama in education8389 Words   |  34 Pagesï » ¿Educational drama in education for sustainable development: ecopedagogy in action he research on which this paper is based is a response to the UNESCO directive for the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) 2005–2014. Educators are advised to prepare young people for sustainable development and global citizenship and the Arts should be included in programmes in ESD. This paper presents an overview of a research project based on the hypothesis that educational drama might be a useful

The War Of The Vietnam War Essay - 1824 Words

For a lack of a better word, The Vietnam War, one of the longest wars to be fought in the history of the United States, lasting between 1955 to 1973, also happened to be a war that would go on to single handedly tarnished the self-image of the United States. The war itself also had major effects on the American people as a whole, sparking what would become the infamous Anti-War Movement, a battlefield in itself that would put the American people and their government on opposite sides of the same question. The Anti-War Movement brought out a divide not seen since the Civil War, leaving lasting marks on wars and government outturns in the future to come. The Anti-War Movement itself, is often seen in two very different ways; those in favor of the war saw the movement as preventing the United States from winning the war, while those who were against the war to begin with see the Anti-War effort as preventing the United States from continuing a wasteful and unneeded conflict. The main ideal of the movement was never one that right-out caused change, it was always just a way to keep the other side of the story in front of the American public eye. If it wasn’t for the pestering questions being asked by the vast number of members included in the movement, the public might have accepted the â€Å"official† telling of events a lot longer than needed. The situation in Vietnam was a situation that grew and escalated quite slowly in the front-mind of the public eye that it was neverShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1475 Words   |  6 Pageson one such event, the Vietnam War, came from entertainment-based programs and the play Miss Saigon. Despite heavy coverage in such well-known comedic films as Forrest Gump and Good Morning Vietnam, the true events were anyth ing but a laugh for those involved. In spite of the relative recentness of the events in Vietnam, many of today’s youths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated toRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1729 Words   |  7 Pagesspread of communism all around the world. This is what lead to the gruesome war that lasted over a decade in Vietnam. A great deal of social changed happened all over the world, but particularly in America as the Vietnam War dragged on. As people became more aware of the atrocities going on in Southeast Asia, the endless domestic support turned into widespread explosive protest. During the first few years of the Vietnam conflict, Americans full heartedly supported the United States and its governmentRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1379 Words   |  6 Pagestensions over the Vietnam war caused many americans to become divided on the actions taken by the government across seas. Americans questioned whether the government could be trusted. The feeling of betrayal and government secrecy created the â€Å"Credibility Gap,† in which many americans believed that the government no longer was for the people, but for anything else that would benefit the government. The Vietnam War exacerbated the gap between the pro-war traditionalists and anti-war liberals along withRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1430 Words   |  6 Pagesended in 1989, the Vietnam war is still being fought, but on a different battlefield, one of public opinion. Some call this war an atrocity, a war the United States should never have joined. Others call it a crime, committed by the power hungry politicians of the U.S. Now that new information from both sides of the war has surfaced and the wounds of battle have had more time to heal there is yet another opinion emerging. The Vietnam War was in fact only one of many proxy wars fought under the umbrellaRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War cost many Americans their lives in the 60s and 70s. Many were drafted into the war by choice and others selectively chosen to join to help America. The contributions made had a major impact on the American side of the Vietnam War. Though many contributions were made none stand out any more than others. It is sometimes said there is always a hero in the war who helped the victory. Wars, however, do not have war heroes because a hero is making an undeniable contribution to the war andRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was said to be one of the most significant wars in the twentieth century. This w ar took place from November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975. It was at the time, the longest war in American history. Much of the conflict was centered in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. During that time, approximately 58,219 US troops were killed in action. The reason America got involved in the Vietnam War was to stop the spread of communism in South East Asia and beyond. â€Å"America’s involvement in Vietnam derivedRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1204 Words   |  5 Pagesus†¦ When that is the way you are, how do you conduct your life?† The Vietnam War killed over fifty eight thousand Americans and over 61% of the men killed were 21 years or younger. Most Americans are conflicted with the fact whether the Anti War Movement played a factor in prolonging the Vietnamese War. â€Å"In every story there are two sides and in between lies the truth.† Anonymous The United States become involved in Vietnam after the French withdrew when the Republican President Dwight EisenhowerRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War877 Words   |  4 PagesAnother big difference in this war was that the Vietnam War was had more disapproval and was more expressive within the American public, unlike the Korean War. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT started in the 1960s this group was never enacted until this era. There was not a group like this in Vietnam, but there were many groups that opposed the war. The main object of these revolts was the American military presence in Indochina. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT caused an influence not only socially, but also in the realmRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn July and August of 1972, Jane Fonda made radio broadcasts from Hanoi that changed the way Americans thought of the Vietnam war and of her. To this day, many people view her as a traitor and criticise her actions in Vietnam; however, some people we re truly inspired by her words and what she had to say. Despite people s personal opinions, Fonda was a powerful speaker and knew how to convey her message to her audience. She tried to convince people that the American government and military were the

Long term financing Free Essays

The capital market you may remember deals with bonds and stocks. Within the capital market there exists both a primary and a secondary market. A primary market is a â€Å"new issues† market. We will write a custom essay sample on Long term financing or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is here that funds rose through the sale of new securities flow from the buyers of securities to the issuers of securities. In a secondary market, existing securities are bought and sold. Transactions in these already existing securities do not provide additional funds to finance capital investment. A large company typically raises funds both publicly and privately. With a public issue, securities are sold to hundreds and often thousands of investors under a formal contract overseen by federal and state regulatory authorities. A private placement on the other hand, is made to a limited number of investors, sometimes only one, and with considerably less regulation. An example of a private placement might be a loan by a small group of insurance companies to a corporation. Thus, the two types of security issues differ primarily in the number of investors involved and in the regulations governing issuance. When a company opted for expansion, it obviously must be financed. Often the seed money (i.e. the initial financing) comes from the founders and their families and friends. For some companies, this is sufficient to get things launched, and by retaining future earnings they need no more external equity financing. For others infusions of additional external equity are necessary. Venture Capital: venture capital represents funds invested in a new enterprise. Wealthy investors and financial institutions are the major sources of venture capitals. Debt funds are sometimes provided, but it is mostly common stock that is involved. This stock is almost always initially placed privately. Initial Public Offerings: If the enterprise is successful, the owners may want to â€Å"take the company public† with a sale of common stock to outsiders. Often this desire is prompted by venture capitalists, who want to realize a cash return on their investment. In another situation, the founders may simply want to establish a value, and liquidity, for their common stock. Initial Public Offerings are accomplished through underwriters. Bonds: a bond is a long term debt instrument with a final maturity generally being 10 years or more. If the security has a final maturity shorter than 10 years, it is usually called a note. To fully understand bonds, we must be familiar with certain basic terms and common features. Par value for a bond represents the amount to be paid the lender at the bond’s maturity. It is also called face value or principal. Coupon rate is the interest rate on a bond for example a 13% coupon rate indicates that the issuer will pay bondholders $ 130 per annum for every $1000 par value bond that they hold. Bonds almost always have a stated maturity. This is the time when the company is obligated to pay the bondholder the par value of the bond. Preferred stocks: it is a hybrid form of financing, combining features of debt and common stock. In the event of liquidation a preferred stockholder’s claim on assets comes after that of creditors but before that of common stock holders. Usually, this claim is restricted to the par value of the stock, if the par value of a share of preferred stock is $100, the investors will be entitled to a maximum of $100 in settlement of the principal amount. Term loans: commercial banks are a primary source of term financing. Two features of a bank term loan distinguish it from other types of business loans. First, a term loan has a final maturity of more than 1 year. Second it most often represents credit extended under a formal loan agreement. For the most part, these loans are repayable in periodic installments. Quarterly, semiannually, or annual – that covers both interest and principal. Lease financing: a lease is a contract; by its terms the owner of an asset (the lessor) gives another party (the lessee) the exclusive right to use the asset, usually for a specific period of time, in return for the payment of rent. Most of us are familiar with leases of houses, apartments, officers or automobiles. Recent decades have seen an enormous growth in the leasing of business assets, such as cards and trucks, computers, machinery and even manufacturing plants. An obvious advantage, the lessee incurs several obligations. First and foremost is the obligation to make periodic lease payments, usually monthly or quarterly. Almost, the lease contact specifies who is to maintain the asset. The decision to borrow rests on the relative timing and magnitude of cash flows. Under the two financing alternatives, as well as on the discount rate employed. To evaluate whether or not a proposal for financing makes economic sense one should compare the proposal with financing the asset with debt. References Neil Seitz and Mitch Ellison (2004), Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions Richard H. Bernhard, (2005), Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions, 2d ed Robert G. Beaves (2005), Capital Budgeting and Long-Term Financing Decisions. How to cite Long term financing, Essay examples Long Term Financing Free Essays It offers powerful and intuitively pleasing predictions about how to measure risk and the relation between expected return and risk. The risk in this model comprise of systematic risk means risk undiversifiable risk or market risk. This Model basically takes into account asset’s sensitivity to non-diversifiable risk RE: (Capital asset pricing model From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay sample on Long Term Financing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Earlier pricing models do not reflect changes in financial markets but with the emergence of Financial Pricing Models in form of Capital Pricing Models and Discounted Cash Flow models, changes in financial market, risk and return on individual investment can be easily ascertained RE: ( http://www.business.uiuc.edu/~s-darcy/present/ratemake.ppt#256,1,Ratemaking:   A Financial Economics Approach). CAPM is based on certain assumptions such as investors should be rational, fixed quantity of assets, perfect efficient capital markets, production plans are fixed, no inflation, no change in level of interest rate, similar expectation. However having numerous advantage of this model it is also affected by certain limitations and based on certain assumptions which does not perfectly exists. As it fails to appear adequate variation in stock returns, it assumes that there are no taxes or transaction cost which is not suitable in prevailing market situation. It assumes all assets of fixed quality which can never be possible, every market is not perfectly efficient, it varies on the basis of several factors. Inflation makes direct effect on the interest rate so can it be possible to remain unaffected with such change. In comparison to previous Model, Discounted Cash Flow Model (DCF) helps to determine that what one person is willing to pay today in order to obtain the expected cash flow in future years. In short, it can be said that Discounted cash Flow Model is the method of conversion of futures earning in today’s money. DCFM helps in calculation of cash needed to be invested to receive expected cash flow in future years. The DCFM reflects following Reference:- 1.   The time Value of money means investor must be compensated for the delay of their cash   flow. Risk Premium states that investor can demand high amount in form compensation.   The key inputs in Discounted Cash Flow Model are discount rate, cash flows and growth to get future cash flows. This model helps in determining  Ã‚   the company’s current value according to its estimated future cash flows. DCFM is an important tool in making judgment about company performance. However DCFM are powerful, but they have certain limitations as they are limited to mechanical valuation, small changes in inputs may result in large changes in the value of a company. DCFM are not suitable for short term investment as it focus on long term investing RE: (http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pdfiles/dcfinput.pdf). So, from the study of both the model it can be concluding that both are suitable at their own place subject to consideration of certain assumption and limitation. The company’s evaluates various debts policy and dividend policy to arrive at final decision so that maximum benefit can be provided to company, shareholder, creditors or other persons. To valuate debts and equities various theories are discussed in connection with the sum of debt or equity needed in the organization. Cost of capital play a very important role in selection of the amount of debt and equity such as cost of debt, cost of preference shares, cost of debentures, cost of common shares etc. Then to identify factors which affect capital structure such as political risk, cash flows, discount rate and terminal value. Calculation of net present value, interest rate of return and adjusted net present value is done to ascertain the suitability of capital budget.   So first, cash flow forecasting is to be done by adopting various principles. Then categorization of cash require is made in form of shorter cash, medium term and long term. Then the capital structure is decided by considering various aspects such as cost of equity capital. Then after having profits the company decide whether whole or part of  Ã‚   profit is distributed. The factors should be considered while taking the decision policy decision. Then procedure for payment of dividend is sketched and then impact of divided is noted on the position of shareholders RE: (http://www.cma-srilanka.org/pub/professionalII.pdf). Hence it is clear from the evaluation of debt/equity mix and dividend policy that how much they are necessary to strengthen company’s position. Therefore it is advisable that there must be judicious mixture of debt and equity that must add value by reducing taxes and strengthening management as too much debt result in heavy loss of business and perhaps a costly organization. REFERENCE Referred to sites:- 1.   http://www.business.uiuc.edu/~s-darcy/present/ratemake.ppt#256, 1, Ratemaking:   A   Financial Economics Approach Ratemaking: A Financial economies Approach 2.   http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/sb/stfhome/lauterbah/794/part6/fama_capm.pdf The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence Eugene F. Fama and Kenneth R. French 3.   http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_dcf.html DCF method Discounted Cash Flow 4.   http://www.cma-srilanka.org/pub/professionalII.pdf Internal Control Risk Management (ICR) Dated 28th August 2007    How to cite Long Term Financing, Essay examples

Examine how the character of Proctor changes throughout the play Essay Example For Students

Examine how the character of Proctor changes throughout the play Essay At the beginning we do not get the full profile of Proctor, but by the end of Act One his character does become clearer to the reader. Proctor is a very short-tempered person, and has power over many women. This is shown by the following quote Ill show you a great do in on your arse one of these days. He says this to Mary-a young servant girl. This obviously shows how over powering John Proctor can be to women. I think that Proctor is short tempered because he feels that he has to show others that he is powerful, so he does this by using threats, especially to woman, but in those times this was appropriate. During winter, when his wife Elizabeth Procter was sick, Proctor had an affair with his servant Abigail Williams, Parriss niece. Abigail fell in love with Johns strengths and honesty. Even though Proctor seems to put his actions in the past; Abigail has always thought that it meant something more. This is shown when she says I look for John Proctor, that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart This obviously shows that Abigail still loves him. This is also why she hates Elizabeth, as she has Proctor and Abigail wants him. I believe that the reason for Abigail wanting Proctor back is because she feels as though he treats her more like an adult. I think that Procter had this affair because he had no attention from Elizabeth and he turned to Abigail for her adoration and affection. This affair with Abigail has affected Proctor, as it is his weakness. When John is left alone with Abigail she tries to revive the affair. He rejects her, and this annoys her to a great extent. The reason of why Proctor does not want the affair to be publicised is because he is worried about being seen negatively in the society. Elizabeth blames herself for the affair that took place between Proctor and Abigail and tells Proctor when she says I never knew how I should say my love. It was a cold house I kept! I presume that Elizabeth blames herself because she feels that if she had expressed her love to John. Then he wouldnt have gone to Abigail for the attention that he actually needed from Elizabeth. During Act Two Elizabeth is accused of witchcraft by Abigail. This is the time where Proctor wants to save his wife but his source of information is his word against Abigails word, as he was alone with her. Proctor informs his wife, but things do not go as planned. Elizabeth is incredibly suspicious and Procter gets extremely angry. We can clearly see Proctors anger when he says No more! I should have roared you down when first you told me your suspicion. But I wilted, and like a Christian, I confessed. This shows that Proctors intentions of this conversation with Abigail were different to what his wife thinks. I believe that Elizabeth has her suspicions about the conversation because of the affair that Proctor had with Abigail. As the time comes for Elizabeth to go to court, I feel that Proctor finds out that Elizabeth is an important person in his life. To show Elizabeth his feelings Proctor gets involved in the court. Whereas before Proctor didnt even want Mary Warren, his current servant to be involved in the court telling her You will not go in to court Mary Warren I believe that this plays a great role in his change of character because Proctor wants to stop the trials as his wife is in court. Before going ahead with saving his wife, Proctor shows his feelings towards the trials. .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 , .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .postImageUrl , .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 , .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:hover , .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:visited , .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:active { border:0!important; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:active , .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8 .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05ed4cc5a9084d2df052b2e45cc81dd8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assess the importance of 'The Garden Scene' to the development of Twelfth Night EssayThis is when Hale comes to visit Elizabeth and Proctor gives him the following speech Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Ill tell you whats walking Salem- vengeance is walking Salem Ill not give my wife to vengeance. When Proctor says this he is extremely angry. I think that through his anger he shows his consideration and his interest of saving his wife and making his feelings more visible and vivid. I believe that Proctor wants to stop the trials and wants to speak up for his wife, to show Elizabeth that she is of great importance t o him. However I think that Proctor sees the situation far more clearly than the others in Salem This is partly because he was once involved with Abigail, and as Abigail is in connection with witchcraft, he does seem to know what Abigails intentions are. Proctor feels that Abigail is trying to kill his wife out of jealousy. As the play progresses in the court, Proctor becomes more open, as there comes a point where he has to confess about his affair with Abigail. The start of his confession is shown by the following quote I have known her Sir, I have known her. For Proctor to confess this in front of the court was truly hard, as he found confessing to Elizabeth difficult. When this was in the open, Danforth does start to have his suspicions about Abigail and her accusation of witchcraft on Elizabeth. However Proctor feels that his confession is now the most effective source of information to save his wife. After his confession, Danforth wanted proof, and this relied on Elizabeths answer, but things go wrong, as she was not informed that he had confessed. Elizabeth lied for the first time, in attempt to save Proctor. After the confession, Proctors attitude changes towards Abigail. This is shown when he calls her a whorein court. Proctor shows that he is angry with Abigail and her actions. In the middle of the play Proctor seems to be broken into pieces. He is in his own Crucible. His wife is in court accused of witchcraft and he only has his children and Mary Warren. He seems powerless now that he has influenced the court. After getting Mary Warren to give evidence, she betrays him. My name, he want my name. I murder you he says if my wife hangs! We must go and over throw the court he says! Mary tries to put Proctor in the frame and she does succeed. She tries telling people that he is the man in contact with the devil. Mary tries to convince the people into believing that he treats women badly. At the end Proctor is persuaded to confess to having contact with the Devil, but Proctor denies it. This is because he wants to keep his name in the clear. His strong feelings at this point are shown by the following quote I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. This obviously shows that Proctor does feel that he is a good person and wants to keep his reputation. He doesnt want friends and family to think badly of him. Proctor believes that he should not give is name to something that is not true to him Due to his strong beliefs and gaining confidence in himself, he decides that the only way to keep his name and his beliefs is to give his soul. This is illustrated by the following quote How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul leave me my name This shows that he is willing to give up his life but wants to keep his name from having a bad status. I find it interesting the way in which Arthur Miller does not consider Proctor of being a main character at the beginning of the play. However by the end Miller makes Proctor the hero of the play. At the beginning of the play the main attention is on Abigail and the girls who were involved in witchcraft, but by the end the main focus is on Proctor as he is seen as one of the main suspects. .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae , .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .postImageUrl , .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae , .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:hover , .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:visited , .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:active { border:0!important; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:active , .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u67c118d462ccaccde8ba2ae1802591ae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Blood Brothers: What is the importance of Linda in the play as a whole? EssayThis makes him gain a higher status in the play. Proctors character cannot be put into a certain category. This is because his character is always changing. I presume that the Crucible is a metaphor of a heated cauldron. It seems as if Arthur Miller has put every character into their own cauldron, by having their own tough and heated situation. Proctor comes out of his crucible as a strong believer in his religion, and more considerate towards others. Proctor wanted to prove this, and he does so by sacrificing his life.

An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour The WritePass Journal

An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour Abstract An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour Abstract1. Introduction1.1. E-commerce development in Nigeria1.2. Problem statementResearch objectives1.3. Research structure2.   Literature review3.Methodology3.1.Research approach and strategy3.2.Data collection3.3.Data analysis3.4.  Ã‚  Ethical issues3.5.Research limitations4.ConclusionReferencesAppendix 1Related Abstract This research proposal deals with an investigation of the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians living abroad. It has been established from research that a few Nigerians embrace technology in doing business. The research paper starts with an introduction about the problem statement to be addressed in the research. The objective is to find out the factors that contribute to the unique online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The proposal highlights trends to be investigated that are online shopping in Nigeria. Data to be used in the research will be gathered through the use of a questionnaire given at random to 100 respondents. The obtained data will be analyzed based on the scaled factors given for each response by the participants. The representative sample gives the best results because it uses respondents of diverse fields who are in a position to use online shopping systems. The results can be used by any developing country because the online shopping trends for developing countries are the same. 1. Introduction The nature of how individuals do business has changed from time to time due to individual needs and the emerging business technologies. Electronic commerce is one of the recent forms of online shopping that has been adopted by many business individuals in the world. According to Ghosh (1997, p. 1),   â€Å"E-commerce provides consumers the ability to bank, invest, purchase, distribute, communicate, explore, and research from virtually anywhere an Internet connection can be obtained.† Therefore, electronic commerce can be defined as doing business through the internet. This trend of doing business has gained momentum in the global business world because of the increased web advertising (Jackson et al. 2003). This research proposal aims at determining the effect of web advertising on the Nigerian consumer’s online shopping behaviour. 1.1. E-commerce development in Nigeria The basis of electronic commerce depends on the level of technology in a country. Nigeria is a developing country that has experienced improvements in its technological aspect in the recent past with a total population of about 16 % embracing the use of the internet (Internet World Stats, 2009). However, most of the Nigerians have not exploited the full potential of using the internet fully. In addition, the recent advancement of technology has enabled many Nigerians to see the need to embrace technology in doing business. As such, internet usage has started gaining familiarity among the Nigerians. A research by Folorunso et al. (2006, p. 2226) shows that only 32% of Nigerians who had heard about electronic commerce had embraced the technology. This low number of Nigerians using the internet to do business may contribute to the Nigerian online shopping behaviour. 1.2. Problem statement The use of the internet in doing business in Nigeria is slower than other countries in the world. This is contrary to the vital importance provided by the use of the internet in advertising the product. Most of the Nigerians are ignorant about online shopping, but those who embrace the internet do not prefer to do online shopping because they assume products advertised in the internet are either expensive or strange to their traditional culture. This consumer behaviour has reduced efforts of globalization into the Nigerian markets. The question, then, is what should be done about this online consumer behaviour to promote globalization? Research objectives This research is carried out to find out the online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The objectives of the study will be: To Investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians Determine whether web advertising has an influence to the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians. To investigate the risks associated with online shopping. 1.3. Research structure This research will start by introducing the problem statement why it is an important study among the Nigerians. This will be followed by outlining the objectives of the study. The existing literature review sets to give the research the basis on which the factors being studied will be based. The methodology section will propose a how the factors can be investigated and why the chosen methods for study are preferred. Lastly the research will highlight the limitations that are likely to affect the results of the study and how they can be reduced to make the results more validated. The main chapters will be as follows; Introduction Literature Review Methodology Data Analysis and Findings Conclusions and Recommendations 2.   Literature review Folorunso et al. (2006, p.2224) suggested that the factors that affect online shopping behaviour are: â€Å"establishing cost, accessibility, privacy and confidentiality, data security, network reliability, credit card threat, authenticity, citizens’ income and education.† The shopping behaviour of Nigerians living abroad is unique as it can be identified as unique among the rest. Among the factors suggested by Folorunso income levels and data security was established as the major factors contributing to the unique behaviour of the Nigerians.   In another research by Ayo (2006, p.2), he argued that cyber-crime as the major factor behind the low rate of adopting the electronic commerce technology. Further, other important factors have been established as contributing to this unique behaviour among the Nigerians. These factors are inferior online payment methods, lack of trust in web retailers, poor technological infrastructures, and fear of insufficient security in onl ine environments (Adeshina Ayo, 2010). In contrast to the slow rate at which online shopping has been embraced by the Nigerians, they have increased use of electronic banking and payment systems as they regard these technology issues as more secure. The major use of electronic banking is to pay bills, money transfer activities and obtaining banking statements at any time they wish to have the statements for their daily activities. The major factors identified on the previous research do not point to the exact situation because even through the electronic banking services provided by this technology, users are also likely to be exposed cyber crimes (Egwali, 2009). Advertising is used as a marketing strategy to familiarise the consumers to the products in the market. In a global market, advertising through the internet gives the consumers an avenue to consider a varied field of products that will satisfy their specific demand. Although internet advertising comes with a lot of advantages to both the consumer and the advertising agency, it has not been fully embraced in the Nigerian market. This indicates that the consumers in the Nigerian market have varied perceptions about web advertising. According to Wohn and Korgaonkar (2003), â€Å"males exhibit more positive beliefs about web advertising and more positive attitudes toward web adverting than females. Additionally, male are more likely than females to purchase from the web and surf the web for functional and entertainment reasons, whereas females are more likely to surf the web for shopping reasons.† From these findings, it can be deduced that there are specific online shopping behav iour among Nigerians. The research will carry out a detailed review of the existing literature on the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians.   The researcher will critically analyse the literature both that are in support of the research and those that are not. 3.Methodology This research will use qualitative approach to establish an in-depth description of the problem of the study. This method will be the most appropriate because it does not apply any mathematical judgment of the results (Higgs Cherry, 2009).   According to Miles and Huberman (1994), qualitative approach is the best because it is concerned with meaningful characteristics, stories, visual renders, observations and words. This study will be based on the individual behaviour on online shopping. Consequently, the research sample will be identified among them Nigerian Diaspora students, professionals and business people. The research sample will be conducted to 100 Nigerians. The research sample gives a good study population because of the sample size. In addition, the use of this type of respondents will give basis to the research because these are people who have the know-how of technological matters. Additionally, since online shopping is based on the use of technology this type of respondents is the best research population because they are quite aware of the online shopping activities using the internet. Thus, the results of the findings will give a true reflection of the real behaviour of the Nigerians online shopping. 3.1.Research approach and strategy The research will be conducted for 100 Nigerian. The respondents will be selected at random both that live in UK and those that are in Nigeria. The respondents will be supplied with questionnaires to investigate their online shopping behaviour. The data that will be used in this study will be sourced from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data will be collected by sending questionnaires to the respondents. The researcher will conceal the identity of all respondents for confidentiality purposes. All respondents will be given unique ID numbers like P1, P2, and P3 that will represent participant one, two and three respectively. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature that is in the public domain. This means that there will be no permission sought to access the materials or cost incurred to collect data. 3.2.Data collection The data for this research will be collected through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaires will be subdivided into three sub-groups as follows: online shopping, electronic commerce and internet usage. Each of the sub-categories will be aiming to investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. (See appendix 1) 3.3.Data analysis Qualitative study does not involve numerical values, and thus, an analysis tool will be used that will give correct interpretation and description while at the same time avoiding biases (Sewell, 2008). Therefore, the data will be analysed using case descriptions of the phenomenon. A detailed report will then be developed based on the analysis of the data collected through questionnaires. After, conclusions will be drawn from the analysis of the study, and more so the researcher will give recommendations that for future studies. 3.4.  Ã‚  Ethical issues The ethical issue in this research study will be to keep the anonymity of the respondents. Each of the involved respondent’s information will be treated with great privacy based on individual data protection policy. 3.5.Research limitations The sample used to represent the Nigerians is comparably small.   A bigger representative sample should be used to determine the real factors. The random sampling method is good, but is faced with the challenge of some respondents failing to cooperate. The best approach would be to administer the questionnaire directly to the respondents to ensure that there is 100% response from the targeted representative sample. 4.Conclusion This research is an important finding that can be used to implement developmental changes in developing countries. Nigeria is one of the developing countries and the trends shown by its abroad citizens can be used as a model for other developing countries. Also, since technology implementation in the business environment is inevitable then it is important to identify these factors in order to make the required adjustments to make the developing countries able to embrace technology. The representative sample will give accurate results of the research study because it will use a study population that can embrace technology. References Adeshina, A Ayo, C .2010. An Empirical Investigation of the Level of Users.   Acceptance of E-Banking in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 15 (1), 1-13. Egwali, A. 2009. Customers Perception of Security Indicators in Online Banking Sites in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14 (1), 1-15. Folorunso, O et al. 2006. Factors Affecting the Adoption of E-commerce: A Study in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6 (10), 2224-2230. Ghosh, A .1997. Securing E-Commerce: A Systematic Approach. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 1-4. Internet World Stats, 2009. Nigeria Internet Usage and Telecommunications Reports. Retrieved from http:// www.internetworldstats.com/af/ng.htm. Jackson, P. et al. 2003. e-Business Fundamentals. London: Dorset House Publishing Company. Miles, M.B. Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2ndedn, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona. Wohn, L Korgaonkar, P 2003, Web advertising: gender differences, gender differences in belief, attitude and behavior. Florida: MCB UP. Appendix 1 The questionnaire Online shopping Have you been using online shopping in Nigeria? Do you use online shopping in the UK? If yes how many times did you shop online while in Nigeria per week? How many sites do you visit per week while in the UK or Nigeria? What products do you shop for with this service in Nigeria or the UK? What are the risks associated with online shopping? 2.0 Electronic commerce Have you been using electronic commerce while in Nigeria? Do you still use electronic shopping in the UK? If not, what are the reasons? What functions do you use the service for in Nigeria or the UK? 3.0 Internet usage Do you use internet regularly? What do you use the internet for? Do you think there are risks associated with internet usage? How often do you use the internet for online shopping?

Amelia Earhart Biography paper Essay Example

Amelia Earhart Biography paper Essay Example Amelia Earhart Biography paper Paper Amelia Earhart Biography paper Paper Contemporary World Issues Biography Paper Boaz 3B By: Jerome Bircumshaw Even to this day some people believe women are not capable of achieving what the male can do. However one women in 1928 changed the image of the face of women forever. Soon to be an American aviator, Amelia Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. She was the daughter of a successful railroad attorney. Because of her fathers occupation, Amelia spent her childhood growing up in many different towns. Her fascination for adventure and thrill seeking started off at a young age where Amelia and her big sister Muriel decided one day that they wanted to make a plane. There was a lack in material, so they decided to make a rollercoaster instead. Even though neither one of the girls knew how to make a roller coaster, they got some wood from an old wooden fence they tore down. First, they made the car by placing the bottoms of roller skates under a big piece of wood and the rest of the wood was used to make a slide that went from the top of a woodshed to the ground. With Amelia and her bravery, she went first and rolled quickly down the unstable slide. The car hit the ground and Amelia bounced into the air and turned into a somersault, luckily escaping injury. Years after the family moved to Des Moines, Iowa where they attended a state fair. That is when Amelia got to see her first airplane which did not impress Amelia. The airplane was made of wood and wires and reminded Amelia of a big orange crate. Because of this, she thought she would never own an airplane. Even though she was young at the time Amelia knew she wanted to do something fun in the future. One night in 1910 Amelias father took both of the girls out to see Halleys comet which passes by once every 76 years. She was really impressed by the sight and pointed out one specific star and asked if it had a name. That is Vega, her father told her. It is one of the most beautiful stars of all. Amelia shut her eyes and wish on Vega that she could do exciting things when she grew up. This wish certainly came true. The following years were good ones for Amelia, as she learned how to swim and ride horses. After she finished her high school education, she attended a school in Toronto, Canada where she visited her sister and took a course in the Red Cross First Aid. She thought being a nurse was going to be her occupation growing up as she oved helping the wounded soldiers and everyone loved her help. Years after however, she left and furthered her education as a premedical student at the Columbia University in New York. It was going well for Amelia, but her parents insisted she should move back to California with them. Shortly after, Amelia was living in California with her parents when she read in a newspaper that there was an air meet near Los Angeles. Amelia went to the air meet, with her father and they watched the planes do stunts and daredevil tricks. That was the beginning of Amelias aviation adventure. She decided she wanted to fly, ut her parents could not afford lessons for her, so Amelia got a Job to cover the expenses. Her teacher was a women, and one of the only women in the world who knew how to fly. This gave Amelia more hope that one day she would be able to fly by herself. One day she finally got to fly solo as her instructor watched. She was not the best pilot and had a rough landing, but she could say she flew an airplane. Amelias mom was proud of her and helped her to buy her own small airplane. Amelia soon became a good pilot and was reminded by men and women constantly how good her aviation skills were. Planes did not fly very high back in the early 1900s but that never stopped Amelia from setting a womens record for high flying. She flew 14,000 feet in the air, almost three miles high. With the knowledge we know now of Amelias great achievements, it is surprising to think that she had a hard time deciding on what she wanted to do. Of course she wanted to fly, but she also wanted to do some useful work. It was at Denison House in Boston where she found a social center. This is where she taught the children how to play games. She looked after them while their mothers were working, it was like a aycare. If Amelia was not taking care of the kids, she was flying. All the children were proud of her and looked up to her. In 1927, Amelia read the newspaper and learned that Charles A. Lindbergh had flown an airplane from New York to Paris. It was a major accomplishment because flying airplanes across the Atlantic was not only a hard task to accomplish but no one had ever successfully made the Journey until then. Lindbergh was the first man who accomplished the flight in history. Several women had tried to make the Journey, but none had made it. Three young women lost their lives trying. It was in Boston Massachusetts where Amelia received a call to be the first female passenger on a transatlantic flight, in 1928. Amelia asked to be a pilot, but she did not know how to use instruments which were a new invention in planes to help them from getting lost. She soon after promised herself that she would learn how to use aviation instruments. The weeks following, Amelia was sent to New York where she met her future husband and book publisher George Putnam. He was the manager of the ocean flight, and they quickly realized they had a handful of similar interests. Amelia got er first glance at the plane named Friendship that was chosen for the trip and she was pleased to say the least. The Friendship had three motors, and instead of wheels it had pontoons which meant it could float, but taking off in water was no easy task since wind was the main component to take off. The friendship had gold wings which Amelia thought was beautiful but she was informed that the gold was not for looks but instead it make the aircraft easier to spot in case the pilot had to go down in the ocean, so the plane would be spotted. One early morning in 1928, Amelia thought the weather seemed right, so the pair umped in the plane, started the engine, and sped off across the water. The first destination was Trepassy Harbor, in Newfoundland, off the coast of Canada so the airplane could be refueled before the long Journey. After they refueled and planned to head to Europe, the weather became extremely bad with thick fog and rain. Days went by, and the weather seemed to keep up. Amelia started losing hope, and then she heard the news about another young women who had flown from New York to Newfoundland. She and her pilot were staying in a town nearby. Her name was Mabel Boll, and her plane was named the Columbia. Both of the women agreed that the trip was not a race, but secretly both women wanted to be the first to complete the transatlantic Journey. Back in the United States, the newspapers called it a race. Headlines read Rival Women Flyers Still Held by Bad Weather, and Columbia ready for take off, then in big print Friendship Takes Off. On June 17, 1928, Mabel said the weather was too bad to take off, and Amelia would be the first to reach Europe. Quickly into their flight, Amelia and her pilot rode into heavy fog and were hoping to reach the coast of England before they ran out of gas. After several of hours, there was little gasoline left, but the fog life savingly lifted, and a boat was seen in the distance. However, the radio was not working properly and after several attempts to contact the boat, they simply flew on hoping to find land. Shortly after, fishing boats were seen in the distance which meant there must be land nearby but the direction was not known, so they flew forward, hoping to find something, and luckily, they spotted land in the distance and Stultz brought the plane down in the Burry Port, on the coast of Wales. Amelia was a heroine. As the first women to fly across the Atlantic, she was treated as national idol and hero. She had a positive impact on society giving hope to children and adults of both genders proving that women could do anything a man could do, or even better because her flight beat Lindbergh in the total time it took of twenty hours and forty minutes. When the crew returned to America Amelia along with the help of George Putnam published a book call ed 20 Hrs. 40 Min. While in America, Amelia flew across the country and became a better pilot than she had ever been before in her life and learned how to fly safely with instruments. She changed the female view of flying positively and became a role model to people all ver the globe. Around this time Amelia purchased her own airplane and named it Vega. She was set out to fly the transatlantic solo and be the first women to do so. On May 20, 1932, the trip to Europe alone began. Although she did not have an easy flight with ice forming on the wings and fire leaking out of the exhausts, she managed to reach Europe in a historical fifteen hours and eighteen minutes. Amelia was invited to many parties. One of which included a dance with the soon to be King of England. After their marriage George and Amelia were invited to have dinner with he President Hoover and his wife at the White House. Amelia proved that women had as much courage as men and was soon the most famous woman alive. She took the President and his wife on a short ride in a plane above Washington while wearing a evening gown and slippers. Time went by and Amelia became a teacher at Purdue University in Indiana when she decided she really wanted to make history. Amelia told George, she wanted to fly the globe, It wasnt an impossible task, but she wanted to fly around the equator which was the hardest and longest way to fly. Amelia did have a downfall and it was not knowing when to quit. With the help of George she set off on the flight from California one morning in March of 1937. She reached Hawaii in less than sixteen hours but spun into a ground loop and crashed the plane which cost eighty-thousand dollars. The plane was shipped back in pieces and fixed, and on June 1, 1937, Amelia decided to try the flight again but this time she sat off the other direction. She flew over many countries such as Africa, India and New Guinea. It was when she was supposed to stop on a small island call Howland Island that people started worrying since Amelia never reached the Island or her final destination. July 2, 1937, would be a day remembered forever, because that is the day Amelia set off from New Guinea to Howland and was never seen again. Many reports claimed she was captured or stranded in the ocean or on an uninhabited island somewhere. But the truth, however, was never discovered. I believe Amelia was one of the greatest feminist role models by changing the face of women across the globe. She was nothing short of impressive, and I would recommend this book to anyone of any age or gender because Amelia had a life that is a real eye opener and proves the there is no dream that can not be accomplished.

The high salaries paid to CEOs are not justified. To what extent do Essay

The high salaries paid to CEOs are not justified. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example The high compensations are in the forms of high salary, bonuses or stock plans. The performance of the CEO has no quantifiable effect on corporations’ performances as the remuneration has little or no effect on the performance of the CEO (Lys, Rusticus and Sletten, 2007). As mentioned above, the only quantifiable effect is the widening gap between them and the other management people on whom the CEOs depend to produce positive performance of the company. In an article in Business Week, during the 1980s the average pay of a CEO was 42 times more than the hourly wage paid to a worker (Finch and Bowers, 2009). As the business entered the 1990 era, this multiplication grew to 85 times more than average hourly pay of a worker which reached the astonishing height of 531 times in 2000 (Finch and Bowers, 2009). What caused this hike in the salary of the CEOs and was this hike justifiable? This question remains unanswered to this day although many studies have been carried out on a lin k between CEO performance, company performance and the pay scale. Researchers such as Daines, Nair and Kornhauser (2005) tried to define measurements for CEO skill. They wanted to isolate the specific factor for CEO competence that can be used to justify the compensation and company performance. According to Daines, Nair, and Kornhauser (2005), the performance of any corporation does not depend only on the CEO skills or performance but also depends on other factors such as the economy, regulations, and conditions of the industry and so on. They hypothesized that a company managed by a skilled CEO should be performing better than the competitors in its industry. This hypothesis is based on the belief that if a company is managed by a poor CEO, the company’s performance will be poor and vice versa. The results of this research were informative. The economic performance and CEO salaries for the years 1990-2002 were studied which showed that small business

Female Circumcision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Female Circumcision - Assignment Example Female circumcision is abusive and has a detrimental effect on the attitude and self-esteem for the females who practice it. 3. Patriarchy is a process or a system through which the males dominate and are in charge of social welfare of people within the society. For this reason, they are able to control the resources and set rules, norms and regulations that define a community. Patriarchy has played a big role in female circumcision especially through the ritual norms that must be performed in order to assume acceptance as a member of a certain society or community. This is because the institutions of males have dominance over the privileges of the female hence insubordination. 4. A lot of non-governmental organizations have teamed up to fight this practice. Groups like Maendeleo Ya Wanawake in Kenya have formed female groups which fight against this ritual. Most of the governments in Africa and Kenya to be precise have set rules that ban the practice terming it as child abuse. Most of the governments in Africa have also set tight penalties for societies or communities that engage in this old ritual. It is indeed right for us Westerners to meddle in traditions and practices that have no positive effect on the lives of Africans. Female circumcision is an abusive act that dehumanizes the female gender and must be fought by all members of the world and not westerners only. 5. In my opinion there has never been and there will never be any good reason to perform female genital mutilation to the female gender because it does not add any value but instead only ruins the self-esteem and leads to a lot of side effects like hemorrhage and conception difficulties and even death resulting from over bleeding during the process (Francis

Social Cohesion And Quality Life

Social Cohesion And Quality Life In the last few decades, quality of life has replaced the idea of wealth as the dominant goal of societal development. In opposition to the individual-centered perspective of societal development, several other welfare concepts emerged which put the focus on the aspects concerning societal qualities such as the extent of equality, security or freedom, or the quality and structure of the social relations within a society. Among those welfare concepts referring to characteristics of societies are, for example, „sustainabilityâ€Å", „social cohesionâ€Å", „social inclusionâ€Å" etc. Idea of the social cohesion of a society received great political attention at the national and supranational level. In regard to these developments, this paper attempts: first, to clarify the meaning of the concept of social cohesion and to determine its inherent dimensions by reviewing the existing theoretical approaches to this issue; second, to explore relationship between social cohesion and the quality of life. Quality of life is a concept related to the individual welfare. Although social cohesion represents a societal quality, it affects the individual quality of life because the elements of social cohesion are perceived and experienced by the members of the society. Thus, the social cohesion of a society can be conceived as an aspect relevant to the individual life situation, and in this sence, it represents a part of the individual quality of life. Under this perspective a broad conceptualization of quality of life seems appropriate. Quality of life can be considered as the complex policy goal which includes social cohesion as one component. The very broad and multidimensional notion of quality of life enlarged the perspective of societal development by considering not only economic aspects but also social and ecological concerns. Several welfare concepts emerged which put the focus on aspects concerning societal qualities such as the extent of equality, security or freedom, or the qual ity and structure of the social relations within a society. One of these welfare concept is social cohesion. The goal of this paper is: first, to clarify the meaning of the concept of social cohesion and to determine its inherent dimensions by reviewing the existing theoretical approaches to this issue; second, to explore relationship between social cohesion and the quality of life. 1. The concept of social cohesion The idea of social cohesion is difficult to express in a single definition. Émile Durkheim first coined the concept of social cohesion at the end of the nineteenth century. He considered social cohesion as an ordering feature of a society and defined it as the interdependence between the members of the society, shared loyalties and solidarity [14]. Aspects often mentioned in describing social cohesion are the strenght of social relations, shared values and communities of interpretation, feelings of a common identity and a sense of belonging to the same community, trust among societal members as well as the extent of inequality and disparities [26; 14). The simpler the division of labor in a society is, the stronger the bond between individuals and the social group will be. This bond is a result of mechanical solidarity, which arises from segmented similarities based on territory, traditions and group customs. The social division of labour that modernity brings with it erodes and weakens such bonds, as does the increased autonomy of individuals in modern society. In such a context, cohesion is part of the social solidarity that is required in order for the members of a society to remain bound to it with a force comparable to that of pre-modern, mechanical solidarity. This requires stronger, more numerous ties, and must even include bonds based on common ideas and feelings, leading to what Durkheim calls â€Å"organic solidarity†. As of today there is no single definition of social cohesion and it is still debated whether social cohesion is a cause or a consequence of other aspects of social, economic and political life. There is no clear definition of the concept probably because the very tradition of social citizenship that characterizes European societies assumes that social rights entail an intrinsic relationship between social inclusion and the provision of mechanisms to integrate individuals and give them a sense of full membership in society. According to this view, social cohesion implies a causal link between the mechanisms that provide integration and well-being, on the one hand, and a full individual sense of belonging to society, on the other. Inclusion and belonging, or equality and belonging, are the cornerstones of the idea of social cohesion in societies organized around the principles of the welfare state. The concept of social cohesion is often confused with other concepts, like social capital, social integration, or social inclusion. Social capital is closely related to social cohesion, and the two are very important concepts in policy and policy research circles. Social capital understood as a symbolic societal asset consisting of the ability to manage rules, networks and bonds of social trust which strengthen collective action, pave the way for reciprocity and progressively spread throughout society resembles cohesion, and can largely be described as a stock upon which social agents can draw to make society more cohesive. However, social capital is both a consequence and a producer of social cohesion. Whereas social cohesion emphasizes processes and outcomes, social capital emphasizes the notion of investments and assets that bring benefits, benefits that are not fully appropriated by the individuals making the investments. Social cohesion is often confused with social inclusion. Inclusion mechanisms include employment, educational systems, rights and policies designed to encourage equity, well-being and social protection. In that context, social cohesion may be understood in terms of both the effectiveness of instituted social inclusion mechanisms and the behaviours and value judgments of the members of society. Behaviours and value judgments include issues as diverse as trust in institutions, social capital, belonging and solidarity, acceptance of social rules and the willingness to participate in deliberative processes and collective endeavours. Another proximate notion is that of social integration, defined as the dynamic, multifactoral process whereby individuals share in a minimum standard of well-being consistent with the level of development achieved by a country. This restrictive definition views integration as the opposite of exclusion. In a broader sense, integration into society has also been defined as a common system of efforts and rewards, which levels the playing field in terms of opportunities and delivers rewards based on merit. The idea of social inclusion may be viewed as an expanded form of integration. Rather than emphasize a structure to which individuals must adapt in order to fit into the systemic equation, it also focuses on the need to adapt the system in such a way as to accommodate a diversity of actors and individuals. Inclusion requires not only an improvement in conditions of access to integration mechanisms, but also an effort to increase the self-determination of the actors involved. The idea of a social ethic also includes an essential aspect of social cohesion, emphasizing common values, agreement on a minimum set of rules and social norms, solidarity as an ethical and practical principle, and the assumption of reciprocity. These concepts are part of the â€Å"semantic universe† of social cohesion. Viewed in this light, the specific difference that sets social cohesion apart is the dialectical relationship between integration and inclusion, on the one hand, and social capital and social ethics, on the other. Consequently, there is a distinction between social inclusion and social cohesion, inasmuch as the latter includes the attitudes and behaviours of actors, without being limited to those factors. Social cohesion may thus be defined as the dialectic between instituted social inclusion and exclusion mechanisms and the responses, perceptions and attitudes of citizens towards the way these mechanisms operate. A definition of social cohesion by relating it to the concepts of social exclusion/exclusion and social capital has also been present. For example Dahrendorf et al. described a social cohesive society as a society preventing social exclusion: „Social cohesion comes in to describe a society which offers opportunities to all its members of a framework of accepted values and institutions. Such a society is, therefore, one of inclusion. People belong; they are not allowed to be excludedâ€Å" [4, str.vii]. Other scientist have emphasised that the social capital of a society is an essential foundation of its social cohesion [18; 17]. On the basis of review of the various approaches we could conclude that the concept of social cohesion incorporates mainly two societal goal dimensions which can be analytically distinguished: 1) The first dimension concerns the reduction of disparities, inequalities, and social exclusion. 2) The second dimension concerns the strengthening of social relations, interactions and ties. This dimension embraces all aspects which are generally also considered as the social capital of a society [6]. These two dimensions must be viewed as independent from each other to a certain degree. In principle, strong ties within a community can be accompanied by the tendency to discriminate and exclude those people who do not belong to that community [19]. This problem highlights the importance of considering both dimensions disparities/inequalities/social exclusion and social relations/ties/social capital in order to get a comprehensive picture of the social cohesion of a society. 3. Social exclusion Social exclusion represents concept with increasing popularity among scholars during last decade. The popularity of the concept was especially promoted through the growing interest in matters of social exclusion at the level of the European Union. The European Commission launched a series of research programmes in the framework of the European Observatory on National Policies to Combat Social Exclusion and of the European Poverty Programmes. Research on social exclusion replaced, to some extent, older terms of poor living conditions, such as poverty or deprivation. Originally, the term was used in the context of debates on a new poverty and defined as a rupture of the relationship between individual and the society due to the failure of societal institutions to integrate individuals. Today, it is suggested that social exclusion should be conceptualised as the insufficiency of one or more of the following four systems [1, str. 258-259]: This approach focuses on relational issues, i.e. on the disruption of social ties between individual and the society. Unlike social cohesion, poverty is concerned with distributional issues, i.e. on the lack of resources at the disposal of individuals or househods [23; 12]. Thus poverty may be regarded as characteristic of indiviudals and households, whereas social exclusion may be conceived as a feature of societies and of the individuals relations to society. In contrast to this position are considerations that social exclusion can be regarded both as a property of societies and as an attribute of individuals. As an individual attribute it is defined as a low level of welfare (economic disadvantage) and the inability to participate in social life (sociopolitical disadvantage). This perspective equals social exclusion to a multidimensional notion of poverty which describes a state or an outcome of a process. As a societal characteristc the term social exclusion refers to the impairment of social cohesion caused by the way in which institutions regulate and thereby constrain access to goods, services, acitivities and resources which are generally associated with citizenship rights. This view focuses attention to the processes of social exclusion and its causes which are attributed to the failure of institutions [5]. The conclusion arising out of these considerations is the requirement to differentiate between the causes of disadvantageous living circumstances and the processes leading to them on the one side and the outcomes of those processes themselves, that is peoples living situation. The causes may be attributed to societal institutions and can then be described by the concept of social exclusion as a property of societies. The impact of social exclusion on people is observable in the form of poor living conditions. In this sense, social exclusion represents a characteristic of individual and corresponds to the concept of poverty in a multidimensional notion. 4. Social capital The counceptualization of social cohesion as it is proposed here considers social capital as representing a second main dimension which may be used to describe the social cohesion of a society. Social capital represents one of the most powerful and popular metaphors in current social science research. Broadly understood as referring to the community relations that affect personal interactions, social capital has been used to explain an immense range of phenomena, ranging from voting patterns to health to the economic success of countries [7]. Literally hundreds of papers have appeared throughout the social science literature arguing that social capital matters in understanding individual and group differences and further that successful public policy design needs to account for the effects of policy on social capital formation. In this paper we will give the primary focus to the role of social capital in stenghtening the social cohesion and further link with the quality of life. We often observe countries with similar endowments of natural, hysical, and human capital achieving very different levels of economic success. This paradox has led scholars to search for deeper and more meaningful explanations about what holds people and societies together in order to foster economic development. Over time, scholars have constructed various frameworks for understanding the social aspects of this phenomenon and what we currently refer to as â€Å"social capital†. Fueled by continuous empirical investigations, these frameworks have evolved quite rapidly in recent decades. Since Loury [16] introduced it into modern social science research and Colemans [3] seminal study placed it at the forefront of research in sociology, the term social capital has spread throughout the social sciences and has spawned a huge literature that runs across disciplines. James Coleman popularized the term as he sought to conceptualize the aspects of social structure that facilitate eco nomic transactions. His work is widely recognized as one of the most significant, as is Robert Putnams study of voluntary associations in Italy. Putnam [21] concluded that the high density of voluntary associations in the north was responsible for the regions economic success. Many others have also made significant strides in advancing our knowledge and understanding of the subject. However, despite the immense amount of research on it, however, the definition of social capital has remained elusive. There are various theoretical approaches and perspectives of social captial which use more or less narrow concept. But they all have in common that they regard social capital as a property of a social entity and not of an individual [10]. It is a relational concept, it presupposes a social relation and exists only as far as it is shared by other individuals. Therefore, it cannot be the private property of a single person, but heas a character of a public good [11; 19]. The social capital of a society includes the institutions, the relationships, the attitudes and values that govern interactions among people and contribute to economic and social development. Social capital, however, is not simply the sum of the institutions which underpin society, it is also the glue that holds them together. It includes the shared values and rules for social conduct expressed in personal relationships, trust and a common sense of civic responsibility, that makes society more than a collection of indi viduals. Without a degree of common identification with forms of governance, cultural norms and social rules, it is difficult to imagine a functioning society [25, str.1]. Social capital is not only considered to be an essential basis for the social cohesion of a society, but at the same time as a main component of the wealth of a nation and as an important determinant of economic growth, besides physical, human and environmental capital [13]. The view is empirically supported by results showing a relation between the social capital of a society and its economic well-being [21; 15; 24]. Furthermore, there are also investigations pointing to the improvement of other dimensions of welfare such as education, health, rates of crime, and the environment [3; 20]. 5. The interdependence of social cohesion and the quality of life The concepts of social cohesion and quality of life are interrelated [8; 9]. Althought social cohesion represents an attribute of a society, it ultimately rests on the behaviour, attitudes and evaluations of its members, too. Social cohesion is based on social capital which is also created by social relations and ties established, maintained and experienced by individuals. Thus, looking at the social cohesion of a society involves aspects which are part of the individual life situation and in this sense components of the individual quality of life. Secondly, elements of the social cohesion of a society may have direct impact on individual quality of life. Empirical examples are the above cited results on the influence of social capital on economic and other dimensions of welfare. At a conceptual level, the perspective of social exclusion as a process rooting in the malfunction of social institutitons and resulting in a deprived living situation of the individual is another example. Social cohesion can be conceived as a societal quality which is experienced by individuals in their daily lives, for example in the form of the perceived inequality or the social climate at the working place, at school or in the neighbourhood, and thus also refers to the individual quality of life. This perspective conciders elements of the social cohesion of a society to form an integral part of the quality of life of the individuals belonging to that society. Such a position, which is supported here, advocates a broad conceptualisation of quality of life encompassing not only individual characteristics of the life situation but also societal qualities. In this sense, quality of life represents the common policy goal with social cohesion as an important component to be addressed. 6. The measurement of social cohesion On the basis of the conclusion about two dimensions of social cohesion, measurement of social cohesion should include measures concerning: Concerning the first dimension measurement dimensions for the various aspects can be derived for nearly all domains. Regional disparities are taken into account for example with respect to access to transport, leisure and cultural facilitites, educational and health care institutions, employment opportunities or the state of the environment. Issues of equal opportunities/inequalities could be considered therough political participation and employment opportunities, generation of inequalities in social relations or unemployment risks; inequalities between disabled and non-disabled people in access to public transport or educational institutions; etc. The aspect of social exclusion can be operationalised in many domains, too. Manifestatios of social exclusion are ususally measured such as homelessness, social isolation, long-term unemployment, poverty or a lack of social protection. Concerning second goal dimension of social cohesion and that is strenghtening the social capital of a society, most of the aspects of this dimension refer to the life domain of „social and political participation and integrationâ€Å". This domain covers all general issues of social relations and engagement outside the own household community such as the availability of relatives and friends, frequency of contacts and support within those personal networks, membership in organisations, engagement in the public realm such as volunteering and political activities. The quality of societal institutions is a component of social capital which applies to several life domains since, for example, institutions of education, health care, social security or the legal system. 7. Possible contemporary threats to social cohesion There are numerous possible demographic, socio-economic and political trends and processes which have been associated with a general deterioration of social cohesion throughout the world. Over the past three decades, globalization in the form of processes of structural transformation has impacted severely, in many ways, on people throughout the world. The intensified linkage of local social conditions with activities and decisions within world financial, commodity and labor markets is increasingly apparent and in many places its consequences are devastating. Perhaps the most fundamental feature of structural transformation in industrial countries has been reducing the share of industry in the formation of GDP and consequently the massive decline in manufacturing employment. We have been witnesses to the massive relocation of capital, jobs and manufacturing to areas of the globe where labor is cheaper. Instead of a relatively stable work conditions, characterized by institutionalized wage agreements and strong trade unions, internal labor markets within large firms, and secure, tenured and full-time employment; new socio-economic patterns emerge: More and more, opportunities for work and flows of income became variable and unpredictable and stable conditions characterizing employment are replaced by growing insecurity. These kinds of changes add to a growing polarization not only between employed and unemployed, but between secure, highly skilled, well paid workers and the larger proportion of insecure, unskilled, low paid workers. In addition to that, the gender dimension is critical to this shift, since women are greatly over represented in the new flexible yet precarious sectors of casual, part-time and short-contract employment [2, str. 142]. The rise of neo-liberal political philosophy has driven many of the processes of political restructuring over the past two decades. A key aspect of the neo-liberal vision of society is bringing the market principle, along with notions of self-responsibility and individualism, to almost every sphere of politics, economics and society. Aspects of political change which have subsequently emerged, and impacted dramatically on social cohesion, include: Such policies and processes which have brought about â€Å"the new inequality† can be seen as fuelling a process of â€Å"inequalisation†. The consequences for social cohesion, however defined, are devastating. â€Å"Such a divergence of the life chances of large social groups†, Dahrendorf observes, â€Å"is incompatible with civil society† [4, str. 38]. The most socially stigmatised, spatially segregated and economically disadvantaged also become the most politically excluded. The combined forces of economic and political restructuring, along with the new social fissions created in their wake, have also threatened a key socio-psychological source of social cohesion, the idea of â€Å"the nation†. The changes associated with globalization (here considered as processes involving the intensified linkage and increased scope, scale and speed of world-wide economic activity) are now so pervasive that national governments arguably no longer hold the keys to their own national larders. The flow and control of a variety of forms of investment, currency trading, commodity markets, and labor pools are increasingly determined by agents and forces above and beyond the reins of nation-state policy. For the nation-state, prerogatives and margins for maneuvers in economic policy are greatly reduced. Conclusions Social cohesion represents a concept which focuses on societal qualities such as the extent of inequality or the strength of social relations and ties within a society. In the terms described above, it is both a means and an end. As an end, it is an object of public policy, to the extent that policies attempt to ensure that all members of society feel themselves to be an active part of it, as both contributors to and beneficiaries of progress. In an age of profound, rapid changes resulting from globalization and the new paradigm of the information society, recreating and ensuring a sense of belonging and inclusion is an end in itself. Social cohesion is also a means, however, in more ways than one. Societies that boast higher levels of social cohesion provide a better institutional framework for economic growth and attract investment by offering an environment of trust and clearly defined rules. Moreover, long-term policies that seek to level the playing field require a social contra ct to lend them force and staying power, and such a contract must have the support of a wide range of actors willing to negotiate and reach broad agreements. In order to do so, they must feel themselves to be a part of the whole, and they must be willing to sacrifice personal interests for the good of the community. The formation of the social covenants needed to support pro-equity and pro-inclusion policies is facilitated by a greater willingness to support democracy, become involved in issues of public interest, participate in deliberative processes and trust institutions, as well as a stronger sense of belonging to a community and solidarity with excluded and vulnerable groups. In this paper we have established two goal dimensios inherent in the concept of social cohesion: 1) the reduction of disprarities, inequalities and social exclusion and 2) the strenthtening of social relations, interacions and ties. Concerning the first dimension of social cohesion, examples of measurement dimensions within various life domains are regional disparities of the state of environment, equal opportunities of women and men in employment, inequalitites between social strate in the state of health, social exclusion from material goods measured by income poverty. As far as second dimension is concerned, it comprises all aspects which together constitute the social capital of a society. This includes the social relations available at the informal level of private networks and the more formal level of organisations, the activities and engagement within private networks as well as within public realms, the quality of social relations and the quality of societal instiutitons. The quality of societal institutions represents a component of social capital which applies to several life domains. Institutions of education, health care, working life, social security, social services, the political system and legal system. The perceived quality of these institutitons are measured by the level of trust, satisfaction with or approval of institutions. The combined forces of economic and political restructuring, along with the new social fissions created in their wake, threaten to deteriorate a key sources of social cohesion in contemporary societies. It is therefore not surprising that idea of social cohesion receives great attention by social scientists as well as by politicians and gradually establish itself as one of the central societal goals at the national and the supranational level.