The Darker Side of Shakespeare

In William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, the audience is spectator to a much darker Shakespearian comedy than many of Shakespeare’s other works. The play begins with a young woman by the name of Hermia is torn between marrying the man that her father has chosen for her or facing death for defying her father’s wishes. The audience sees dark humor through Puck’s antics in pleasing his Oberon. The two enjoy playing mean tricks on innocent characters they come across, obviously exhibiting a dark sense of humor. Shakespeare also incorporates dark magic into â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† with the fairies in the forest. Whereas fairies are typically portrayed as helpful, innocent creatures, Shakespeare’s fairies seem only to create mischief and chaos. Also portrayed in this play is the dark side of love and romance. The darkness of the play is obvious from the first page through the last page, obviously displaying Shakespeare’s darker intentions for this play. The most obvious element of â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† is the element of dark humor. Oberon’s mignon, Puck, is constantly entertaining Oberon in any way possible. In most cases, this entertainment incorporates playing tricks on unsuspecting characters. Puck and Oberon seem to have a darker sense of humor, enjoying seeing others in states of confusion or embarrassment. Early in the play, Puck talks about the pranks that he has been known to play, telling the audience that, â€Å"†¦ sometimes lurk I in a gossip’s bowl, in very likeness of a roasted crab, and when she drinks, against her lips I bob and on her withered dewlap pour the ale. The wisest aunt, telling the saddest tale, sometimes for three-foot stool mistaketh me; then slip I from her bum, down topples she, and â€Å"tailor† cries, and falls into a cough† (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 47-54). By turning himself into a crab and lurking in a bowl of ale to scare a woman, and making himself appear to be a stool so that when a woman sits on him, he can make her fall, Puck makes it obvious that he cares about nothing but entertaining himself and his king. One example of this darker humor is when Puck changes Bottom’s head into that of an ass. As if this single trick isn’t entertaining enough, Puck then casts a spell over Titania causing the fairy queen to fall in love with Bottom. When Puck tells Oberon how the trick played out, Oberon is obviously happy with the results, telling Puck that, â€Å"This falls out better than I could devise† (Act 3, Scene 2, Line 35). The relationship between Oberon and Puck is one similar to a King and Court Jester during medieval times. Puck exists only to entertain Oberon, and it is very obvious that the two have a much darker sense of humor than others. The second element of â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† that exhibits an obvious darkness is the magic and fairies within the play. Typically, fairies are thought to be good creatures who are helpful and innocent. However, the fairies that Shakespeare has envisioned are a much darker breed than what the audience would normally expect. The fairies that exist in this play are more known for creating a sense of chaos. The most prominent fairy in the play is Puck, the trickster of the forest. We see the darker side of the magic that Puck practices on several occasions throughout the play. One of the more obvious examples of Puck’s dark magic is when he decides to relinquish the Athenian youngsters of their relationship troubles. Puck uses magic to make Demetrius fall in love with Helena. This is a darker spell because it interferes with the ability of Demetrius to truly exhibit free will and love who he wants. Puck tracks down the Athenian he is to cast the spell upon in the forest, â€Å"When thou wakest, let love forbid; Sleep his seat on thy eyelid: So awake when I am gone† (Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 67-68). In the process of â€Å"helping† the young lovers with this love triangle, Puck casts the spell on the wrong Athenian man. The plan backfires, and it is Lysander who is made to woo Helena. As Puck and Oberon watch their antics unfold, Puck is obviously entertained by the confusion that he has caused. Puck tells Oberon, â€Å"Shall we their fond pageant see? Lord, what fools these mortals be!† (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 115-116). The third element of Shakespeare’s play that incorporates a darker feeling is that of love and relationships. This is most evident in the relationship that exists between Titania and Oberon. While most comedies are full of love and passion, Shakespeare places a dark emphasis on relationships in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†. The marriage of Titania and Oberon is thrown into chaos over a changeling that Titania has taken under her care. Because of Titania’s actions, Oberon is in a rage and essentially trying to get revenge on her. This takes on a dark element when Oberon encourages Puck to play a trick on her, resulting in Titania falling temporarily in love with Bottom. Unfortunately for the fairy queen, Bottom’s head has been transformed into that of an ass. Puck takes great delight in his bizarre love connection, however, saying, â€Å"When in that moment, so it came to pass, Titania waked and straightway loved an ass† (Act 3, Scene 2, Lines 33-34). The audience sees a different kind of relationship between Titania and Oberon – one in which Oberon obviously must always be â€Å"in charge†. By not allowing Oberon to have control of the changeling, she has obviously thrown their relationship out of balance. It appears to the audience that Titania is expected to bend to Oberon’s wishes at all times. The audience is exposed to the darker side of Titania in her battle with Oberon. When the two meet by accident in the woods, Titania is furious with Oberon for interrupting the fairy dances that Titania and her fairies partake in. Titania’s darker side is uncovered in her accusations to her husband, â€Å"The ox hath therefore stretch'd his yoke in vain; The ploughman lost his sweat, and the green corn; Hath rotted ere his youth attain'd a beard; The fold stands empty in the drowned field; And crows are fatted with the murrion flock† (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 78-82). Titania’s word choice alone has a dark connotation, and she makes it clear that the disturbance of the fairy dance will have dark consequences for others. Shakespeare’s comedy, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† leaves the audience reeling from a sense of darkness within the play. This play is not a typical comedy in that many of the comedic elements are darker than other plays in the same genre. Shakespeare shows the audience the darker side of humor through the interactions between Oberon and his servant, Puck. The element of dark magic also makes its way into the play, through the chaotic realm of the fairies in the forest, changing the typical role of a fairy in writing. Lastly, Shakespeare makes his audience aware of the darkness that exists within the various relationships in the play. Almost all of the lovers in this play have a darker element to their relationships. Shakespeare, through diverse characters, intrigues the audience with an obvious fascination with the darker side of the most common elements of his play. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1980.   

The Nature and Relationship of Hitler and Geli Raubal.

The last time the public had seen Geli Raubal was when Hitler was heard to shout at h as he was about to get into his car: â€Å"For the last time, no! † She shouted. After he left Raubal shot herself through the heart with a revolver. It has been said and believed that Hitler and his niece Geli Raubal were romantically involved; although there is no forthright proof, the vicious consequences Raubal was forced to go though throughout their time together is strong enough proof to convince a majority of the people that she was driven so far to the edge that she committed suicide. Geli Raubal was a typical content adolescent before she came into the likes of her uncle, Adolf Hitler. When Adolf Hitler rented a house in Obersalzberg after he was released from prison, he asked his half-sister, Angela Raubal, to be his housekeeper. She agreed and in August 1928 brought Geli with her to stay with Hitler. This is when his admiration for the love and youth of the Aryan race were able to be exercised as he looked into the eyes of Raubal. It was the fact that her presence released Hitler as she was â€Å"Allowed to laugh at her Uncle Alf and adjust his tie when it had slipped. She was never put under pressure to be specially clever or specially witty. She could be simply what she was – lively and uncomplicated. † – Emil Maurice and her pure Arian-bred features intrigued Hitler so much to the point in which his infatuation was more important than morality and the incorrectness of incest. Hitler proudly introduced Raubal to members of the Nazi party and other guests at social events. Baldur Von Schirach quotes â€Å"In his tone of voice there was a mixture of pride and tenderness as he introduced ‘My niece, Fraulein Raubal. † However, he made sure she was watched closely due to the fact that he protected her to a great extent. As Hitler rose to power as the leader of the Nazi party, he insured a tight rein over Raubal. Nevertheless, Hitler's efforts to control Geli were at times unsuccessful as she was a free-spirited young woman who often did as she pleased whenever and wherever possible. He did not allow her to associate wi th friends freely and attempted to have himself or some one he trusted greatly near her at all times, accompanying her on window shopping excursions, the movies and the opera. However, Raubal did not seem to return his feelings and became linked to Emil Maurice, a founding member of the SS and Hitler’s chauffer. Subsequent to when Hitler discovered their relationship he dismissed Maurice instantly. In a letter from Raubal to Maurice that was found, Raubal says â€Å"Uncle Adolf is insisting that we should wait two years. Think of it, Emil, two whole years of only being able to kiss each other now and then and always having Uncle Adolf in charge. I can only give you my love and be unconditionally faithful to you. I love you so infinitely much. Uncle Adolf insists that I should go on with my studies†. Many believe this was not the case, since Adolf said himself to Heinrich Hoffman that he could â€Å"marry her†. Due to this, the jealousy Hitler felt was taken to a whole new level and began so noticeably suffocate Raubal with his jealousy. It was said that Hitler was not the only one who was protestant. Raubal began to become concerned about Hitler’s relationship with nineteen year old, Eva Braun, whom Hitler used to â€Å"take out for rides in his Mercede’s† (Quote: Unknown member of the S. S) which then led to a public relationship. The demonstration of feelings such as jealousy is what led the public to believe that Raubal also had feelings for Hitler. An SA officer, Wilhelm Stocker, who Raubal often confided in told in an interview that â€Å"She admitted to me that at times Hitler made her do things in the privacy of her room that sickened her but when I asked her why she didn't refuse to do them she just shrugged and said that she didn't want to lose him† also illustrating that she was flattered by Hitler's gallantry and generosity. She also complained about the way Hitler controlled her life. On September 8, 1931, Hitler left for Hamburg after having a blazing row with her over her desire to spend some time in Vienna. Hitler was heard to shout at her as he was about to get into his car: â€Å"For the last time, no! † After he left she shot herself through the heart with a revolver. Raubal was found dead from the gunshot wound in Hitler’s Munich apartment on the morning of September 19, 1931, at the age of twenty three. The official cause of death was listed as suicide; most historians surmise that Raubal was distraught over her incestual relationship with Hitler, could not escape it, and killed herself as a result. However, at the time Hitler already had considerable influence with the Munich police, so it cannot be known if they were being objective. There were many rumours, including one that Hitler had in fact shot her (or had her shot) for infidelity, since the bullet came from Hitler’s gun and that she committed suicide because she was expecting Hitler’s child. By all accounts, they argued intensely in the days leading to her death. Nobody knows what really happened between the two. After her death, Hitler threatened to commit suicide himself. Historians have written that Hitler was deeply in love with her, that she was the love of his life and that after her death he was a changed man for the worse. He even turned vegetarian as he claimed â€Å"meat reminded him of Raubal’s corpse†. Hitler had early ambitions to make his way as an artist and continued to draw sporadically after he entered politics. The many sketches of his which survived the war included some ordinary nudes and at least one of these depicted Raubal. Bibliography: Spartacus Educational, 2009 – http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/GERraubal. htm Spiritus Temporis, copyright 2005 – http://www. spiritus-temporis. com/geli-raubal/ Lycos Retriever, copyright 2005 Lycos Inc – http://www. lycos. com/info/eva-braun–geli-raubal. html All Experts, About, Inc, 2007 – http://en. allexperts. com/e/g/ge/geli_raubal. htm

A Character Analysis

One of the most significant characters within Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is that of Brutus, a very complex individual whose actions have significant impact upon the events on the play. This paper examines the character of Brutus and assesses both the good and bad elements of his character. A critique of how these qualities present inner conflict within Brutus is offered together with an explanation of the ways in which these conflicts manifest themselves.It is the intention of this paper to prove that despite the fact that Brutus was able to murder his closest friends, he is essentially a moral man who maintained his honor to the end. One of the most significant elements of Brutus’ character is his strict ideals. He is a nobleman, â€Å"the noblest of Romans† (V. v. 75) who is strongly guided and influenced by matters of honor. He demonstrates a continual obsession with acting in a way that is right and just and speaks regularly of the need to create a republic in Rome that is ruled by the votes of the senate as opposed to a single dictator.This creates a problem in his relationship with Caesar. Despite their close friendship, Brutus is concerned that Caesar will rise to power and then commit an act of betrayal by enforcing a dictatorship on the people of Rome, â€Å"climber-upward†¦ He then unto the ladder turns his back†¦ † (II. ii. 24,26). It is clear that, for Brutus, his moral and ethical ideals are of higher importance than his friendship and love for Caesar and thus he is able to commit the inhumane act of murder.However, whilst the murder itself is wrong, the fact that Brutus himself believes so strongly in the fact that his actions are for the good of Rome, entails that he does, to an extent, maintain his honor. Brutus’ single minded obsession with morality entails that he can be easily persuaded by others to carry out their will, provided it is presented as being for the good of Rome. This reveals a furthe r, negative, element to his character; he is naive. Cassius is able to manipulate Brutus’ obsession with honor in order to persuade him to murder Caesar, an ironic turn of events that on face value is anything but honorable.Brutus fails to recognize that he is being used by Cassius and Antony and seems to accept everything on face value, failing to question facts or consider the possibility that he could be deceived. This can be seen in the way he blindly accepts the letters from Cassius as being sent from the people of Rome and thus demonstrative of their will for Cesar to be removed. His nativity entails that he allows others to play upon his ideals in order to convince him to perform the act of murder. Despite the fact this murder causes him anguish, â€Å"Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III, i, 185-186), he allows Cassius and Anthony to convince him that committing such acts will win the hearts of the people of Rome, â€Å"If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. † (III. ii. 21-24). Brutus’ gullibility is something that he carries with him to the grave, even on his deathbed he believes that he has shared his life with true and honorable men, â€Å"My heart doth joy that yet in all my life I found no man but he was true to me† (V. v. 38-39). Such a naive and trusting nature allows the audience to perceive Brutus as honorable.He is innocent and trusting and truly believes that he is acting on behalf of the people of Rome. A further negative element of Brutus’ character is his poor judgment. He believes that he will win the support of the people of Rome because he acts in their interests. This is evident when he addresses the Roman citizens in the forum and in his general treatment of the Roman crowds. He incorrectly perceives them as intelligent individuals who will b e able to understand his reasoned approach to the murder of Caesar. However, the reality is that the crowd is not able to understand his intellect and is thus left vulnerable to the words of Antony.Here, despite Cassius’ advice to the contrary, he allows Antony to have the last word at the funeral and is thus once again betrayed as a direct result of his naivety. Antony is able to utilize Brutus’ words and actions against him and generate hatred and animosity in the crowd. The same crowd that Brutus judged to be reasonable and intellectual. A further significant component of Brutus’ character is that of his philosophical nature. He is a believer in Stoicism, a philosophy that dictates living side by side with nature and existing in a carefree and indifferent manner. Such a philosophy manifests itself in an unemotional manner.This can be observed when Brutus hears of the death of his beloved wife and simply replies, â€Å"Why farewell Portia, We must die, Messal a† (IV. iii. 218). His stoic nature can be seen as a possible explanation for the way in which he is able to restrict his focus to the political and ethical reasons for his murder of Caesar. Brutus’ stoic nature is further enhanced by the fact that he is able to put the good of the public before his own personal feelings. He does not think of Caesar as a man or a friend, but as a political entity, a future dictator, who threatens the good of Rome.This is one possible explanation for why he appears to show no grief for the acts he has committed or for his dead friend; he is too entrenched in his political objectives. The political focus of Brutus’ character proves to be a further flaw that allows others to use him to their advantage. His apparent lack of emotion is something that Cassius is able to utilize when he addresses the crowd and convinces them that Brutus is inherently bad. As readers though we have an insight into Brutus’ actions and understand th e causes for his lack of emotion.He is so intent on doing what he believes to be right that, in our eyes, he maintains an honorable image. One of Brutus’ biggest faults is his inflexible nature. His stubbornness and inability to adapt to the events that occur ultimately leads to his downfall. Despite the fact that he is so politically focused, he fails to play the game of politics himself and thus leaves himself open to manipulation. Unlike Antony and Cassius, he is unable to strategically plan the best means of achieving his intentions, instead acting upon his blind faith that what he is doing is what the people want.However, although this is a flaw, it is something that maintains his honor; he is not a cheat or a conspirator at heart. This paper has discussed a number of Brutus’ character traits, both good and bad. A number of his qualities both serve in his favor and lead to his downfall. Whilst he is trusting, true to his beliefs and resolute, his naivety, poor jud gment and single mindedness entail that he leaves himself vulnerable to the dishonest actions of those around him.However, it is such naivety that allows the readers to maintain an image of Brutus as an honorable man, who tries to act in the best interests of his people. The last word on the character of Brutus is expressed extremely well by the words of Mark Antony: â€Å"This was the noblest Roman of them all:? All the conspirators, save only he? Did that they did in envy of great Caesar,? He, only in a general honest thought? And common good to all, made one of them† (V,V, 68-72) For the characters in the play, and for the reader, Brutus maintains an element of honorability that even his most disgraceful acts cannot eradicate.

Old Men Pitching Horeshoes by X.J. Kennedy Essay

Old Men Pitching Horeshoes by X.J. Kennedy - Essay Example The four old men in the poem heavily employ the ditch as a field in which they can perform their activities -- in this case, pitching horseshoes. The images of the old men and the ditch itself are quite interesting for they speak of something deeper. In practice, however, the ditch as a human invention is mainly used for controlling flood water. This implies that the ditch, as described in the poem, becomes a world in itself rather than a mere tool for civilized men -- particularly young men. The old men fundamentally alter the norm prevalent in their time and place. In doing so, they create their own universe even â€Å"[d]own the worn path of earth.† Perhaps the â€Å"real† world or civilization that the characters are immersed into seems to neglect the old men’s dignity. To subvert this disrespect marked in an industrialized society, these four men play their game in the ditch as they â€Å"considered dignity behooves.† Moreover, the metaphor of Kennedy ’s poetry can also be seen in the peg imagery. As a marker that defines score or location, the peg as a metaphor represents a system of defined boundaries of roles and all. Society such as a civilized one has its conventional rules and laws that govern the people’s thoughts and actions. In the context of the poem, these rules include the exclusion of the old men in terms of active participation in the social life.

News Article related to Liquidated Damage Clause Essay

News Article related to Liquidated Damage Clause - Essay Example It often includes a reading that the parties involved in the contract are agreeing beforehand, as it would probably be unmanageable to decide the compensatory damages in the event of contract breach, although, such a statement is not mandatory. This clause may be conducted towards both parties involved in the contract. For instance in these words: "If both of us neglect to execute, one will be obliged to pay the other party $20,000." But it is not essential too. Normally, a liquidated damages clause is conducted towards only one party, along with the specified date of delivery of amount. The California Association of Realtors has provided a benchmark contract involving residential purchase that entails a liquidated damages clause that emphasizes that if a buyer failed to fulfill the completion of purchase contract due to fault by buyer, the seller will retain the amount deposited actually as the liquidated damages. The most noteworthy items in the mentioned clause include the asymmetry of the provision; as it puts the whole burden on one party, its limitation to a specific unit of residential property set by the Civil Code 1675 and the requirement of agreement by signing to ensure damages are paid. The signatory agreement is required to ensure that both parties have agreed that the contract has breached. Otherwise an arbitration or judicial decision will be needed. Initialling or signatory agreement on a liquidated clause is not mandatory but optional. Though it is printed priory in the agreement of CAR purchase, it is applicable only on the indication of both parties. Mostly in the encounter of a liquidating clause, a principle has the liability to inquire the meaning of the clause replied by the seller as defined by law. At times the contract has been breached by the buyer and this hurts the seller who desires to have more than the deposited amount so the inclusion of liquidated damage clause helps in

Introduction to managerial accounting Case Study

Introduction to managerial accounting - Case Study Example Fixed expenses divided by the CM ratio calculates breakeven in terms of dollars. The profit of a company at the breakeven point is cero dollars (Peavler). Hacker Gulf has variable costs of $40 ($28 + $12) per unit. The monthly fixed expenses of the company are $24,000 per month. The fixed expenses of the company yearly are $288,000. The current sales price of the company is $70 per gulf club. The calculations below show the current breakeven point of the company in units and dollars. Fixed costs = 288000 Sales = 70 Variable cost = 40 Contribution margin = (70 – 40) = 30 Breakeven in units = 288000 / 30 = 9600 units CM ratio = 30/ 70 = 0.428 Breakeven in dollars = 288000 / 0.428 = $672,000 The breakeven point of Hacker Gulf is 9,600 units or $672,000. Based on the assumption that the company raises its sales price to $80 instead of $70 the breakeven point of the firm would change. A higher sales price will lower the breakeven point due to the fact that the contribution margin i s larger. The calculation below shows the breakeven point of the firm under the assumption of a sales price at $80. ... rget profit = (fixed expenses + target profit) / unit contribution margin Dollar sales to attain target profit = (fixed expenses + target profit) / CM ratio The company has the target of obtaining $50,000 in profit selling its gulf clubs at $80. The calculations below show the units and dollars needed to obtain a target profit of $50,000. Fixed costs = 288000 Sales = 80 Variable cost = 40 Contribution margin = (80 – 40) = 40 Sales to target profit = (288000+50000) / 40 = 8450 units CM ratio = 40/ 80 = 0.50 Sales to target in dollars = (288000+50000) / 0.50 = $676,000 The sales needed to obtain a target profit of $50,000 are 8,450 units or $676,000. The data used to obtain a target profit of $50,000 can be used to create an income statement for the company. An income statement using the contribution margin approach is illustrated below. Sales 676000 Variable costs 338000 Gross margin 338000 Fixed costs 288000 Net income 50000 The income statement shows that the company obtained a net income of $50,000. The purpose of the income statement is to show the profitability of a company. The net margin of the company is 7.40%. The variable expenses of the firm account for 54% of its costs, while the fixed expenses cover the other 46% of the costs. A way to increase the profitability of the firm is by sourcing its materials from cheaper suppliers located in China or another developing nation. Increasing the sales price to $80 is the correct strategy for the company. The increase in the price of the gulf clubs to $80 helped the company reduce its breakeven point from 9,600 units to 7,200. A higher sales price also improved the overall profitability of the company as illustrated by the increase in contribution margin of the firm. The managers have to take an in-depth look at the

Korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Korean War - Essay Example hina to intervene in the war because of the fear that USA would help the South conquer the North and acquire its territory.1 Chinese also wanted to safeguard the Chinese-Korean border, as well as support for the North to win a glorious battle and to reclaim its status as the Central Kingdom. By helping the North resist the South, China considered it as repaying the North for the soldiers they provided during the civil war in China. Above all, China had a long standing towards the USA and they saw this as the perfect opportunity to inflict pain and suffering to the USA.2 Evidently, Chinese were not prepared to enter the Korean War, but entry of the US prompted them to rethink their decision and join the war. They entered the war to protect their border and to repay debt they owed North Korea, and most importantly to disapprove the US as the war provided a chance to maintain its status and pride as the world power. Civil Operation and Revolutionary Development Support was an organization formed in May 1967. The program aimed at coordinating the U.S public and pacification programs by pulling together all U.S military and civilian agencies engaged in the pacification efforts. The U.S aimed at promoting pacification of the countryside through development of rural areas coordinated with the army operation. CORDS efforts worked well to integrate military and civil efforts as exemplified by the United States Military experience in Vietnam. According to White, Komer, the head of CORD’s operation in Vietnam, successfully integrated the civilian and military personnel into a single efficient unit.3 Furthermore, Komer successfully placed soldiers under the command of civilians. This merger helped eliminate much of the home loyalty that had led to ineffective working of civilians under the previous Office of Civil system. Komer also consolidated the civilian and pacification into distinct and useful CORD programs.4 It was for the purpose of creating a powerful and

MOTIVATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MOTIVATION - Essay Example They feel empty, nothing drives them. There are a number of things that Sue can do to work to increase her motivation. It would be a real shame if she simply stayed unmotivated throughout school as she would probably learn very little and also she would probably get poor grades. To begin with, Sue can try to visualize her future. She needs to set goals, but these are goals she should also be able to understand and to see in her mind's eye. She wants to get a good job in the business sector. She should think of herself in the future dressed up in a nice suit and sitting in a comfortable office with a mahogany floor. Then she should work backwards. How did get to this office? What did she have to do? How nice is her job?--does she like the money and power that come from it? What does she have to do to get there? These kinds of questions will focus Sue on the task at hand. She wants to get a job: so what is the best way to do that? She needs to be able to make a connection between her p resent abilities and her future goals. It may not be easy to do if she has a poor imagination or generally a very unambitious person, but it may be helpful in the long run. She can also look to the McClelland achievement theory for help. In this theory it helps to have harmonious relationships with others that will help her to feel more ambitious.

Immigration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immigration - Research Paper Example It is used to describe certain phenomena that are a common place in the societies. It has been described as ‘the expression of individual social life and thought through language’ (Mangaraj, para.1). Literature then becomes an important tool through which critics in a society can express their criticism on a given social issue. This field of art is important because it touches the lives of individuals, speaks to the individuals, and has universal applications (Lombardi, para.4). Whether one uses poems, drama, narrative tales, and many other genres of literature, the artist always reflects on some life story that has occurred or is likely to be witnessed. Literature and Immigration Immigration refers to the migration of individuals into a given country to be come residents of the country. Several reasons can make individuals to leave their native country to travel to foreign countries. Political upheavals, poor social set-ups, and unfavorable economic conditions are among the major factors that can force an individual out of his native country into a foreign country. This movement of individuals into another country also has challenges for the immigrants. The individuals are forced to adopt the culture of the natives of this destination country. Moreover, the immigrants are often likely to be subject of prejudice and may not enjoy all the fundamental human rights while in the foreign state. Literature has been used to tell of the ugly scenarios that immigrants encounter while in the foreign countries. While they flee their native countries to seek better life (socially, politically, or economically), the immigrants often get other barriers to their anticipated fruitful life. They suffer the consequences of the nearly cut link with their family members back at home. Besides, to minimize the level of prejudice on their children, the immigrants assimilate the children into the foreign culture. One of the literary works that express the challenges of im migration is â€Å"Under the Same Moon,† a movie by Kate Del Castillo. This gives insight into the problems encountered by young children left behind by their parents who have migrated into the US to look for jobs to support their families. Another literary work is a poem â€Å"Immigrants† by Pat Mora. In the poem, Mora describes how the immigrants are obliged to have their children grow completely in the foreign culture so that they can be accepted in the society. Under the Same Moon Under the same Moon is a Mexican-American movie that features a nine-year old Mexican moppet who has been separated from his mother since he was five. In order to provide a better life for her son, the mother, Rosario, migrated illegally to the United States from Mexico. Looking for employment is one of the many reasons that see several immigrants into the United States. Rosario gets a job as a domestic worker in Los Angeles while the nine-year old Carlitos stays with his ageing and ailin g grandmother who eventually passes away (The Internet Movie Database, para.1). Even though they are separated, the mother and son have tried to keep in touch. Rosario and Carlitos have been communicating through phone, his mother using the same pay phone every week (Catsoulis, para.2). This would later enable the boy to locate his mother in Los Angeles. After the death of his grandmother,

Cars Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cars Pollution - Research Paper Example In the year 1991, an incident in California, drew attention of a major section of shoppers as well as people associated with Food and Liquor chain in northern California (Rajan, 1996, p. 3). It might have raised the eye-brows of many shoppers who confronted the situation where they would have to choose paper over plastic bags at the check-out line (Rajan, 1996, p.3). ‘â€Å"Automobile pollution is a disease,† cried the banner on one side of the bags and, on the other, â€Å"Cure your car!†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Rajan, 1996, p.3) This message is supposed to spread awareness and warning message to the passersby such that people think before using their vehicles and consider other means of travel when use of cars can be avoided. Despite all caution messages, people’s daily lives seem to be unfulfilled without the use of car. Speaking of the automobile use in a continent like North America, it has been seen that the use of automobiles have reached a remarkable stage. Not on ly do regular office goers and other busy people use cars, but also that section of the society which comprises the young adults contribute to the number of people using cars on a daily basis. Irrespective of the fact that the increase in the use of cars which is taking the shape of something lethal in North America, people are getting obsessed with the use of cars and almost cannot live without one. According to Jeff Gearhart, â€Å"Automobiles are responsible for a majority of lead pollution in North America, or approximately 16 pounds of lead per vehicle over its lifetime† (Gearhart, Griffith and Mills, 2003). The level of lead present in cars is important to consider because it contributes to health and behavioral problems in children and adults. Paradoxically speaking, the use of cars is directly proportional to the percentage of pollutants entering the atmosphere. As a consequence, a major section of the population is also consuming harmful gases like nitrogen oxide, su lphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and hydrogen oxides as well, which may even result in permanent damage of the lungs and the respiratory system. The question is very likely to arise as to why is it that cars form one of the principal sources of air pollution. The simplest answer might be that cars are always run by fuels like petrol, diesel, gasoline which play the role behind brining in deadly air pollutants. Choosing something like green vehicles which are designed in a way that burn less gas, and also are able to use alternative fuels thereby avoiding gas, and buying hybrid cars (example: Toyota Prius) which although run on gas yet has an electric motor operated by a battery which enables the engine to stop when the car comes to a halt thereby emitting zero amount of harmful gas, might be an excellent way to prevent pollution (Welsbacher, Anne, 2009, p. 13 and 14). Again, â€Å"†¦in bumper-to-bumper traffic, a driver breathes the not-yet-dispersed carbon monoxide, hydro carbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, lead and other toxics emitted by the car in front.† (Fermi, 1969, p.35) However, cars that are smaller in size produce less amount of pollution than cars that are bigger, as the amount of gasoline burnt by small cars is less and eventually produce less pollution reminds of another interesting fact which is, cars that move faster cause less pollution as compared to the slower moving ones (Fermi,

Crime mapping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Crime mapping - Essay Example Moreover, different bandwidth values are highlighted by KDE plots in order to determine hotspot distribution. Therefore this paper shall compare the plot types and consider essential differences between the plot types, with particular reference to the potential advantages and disadvantages of both as regards the interrelationship between crime mapping and crime response strategy. The Choropleth plot valuates aggregate data of key regions such as suburban areas. The Choropleth plot further measures the points within the region, which is signified on a 2-dimensional map on a graded colour chart. The colour graduation is characteristically red, increasing and decreasing in strength to highlight crime hotspots. A significant advantage of the Choropleth plot is that it is user friendly and is considered more accurate in representing numerical data pertaining to crime in the highlighted areas. However, a central problem is the structuring of â€Å"areas† under the Choropleth plot as certain areas will inherently be more populated and can create disproportionate data regarding the level of crime in a particular area. Nevertheless, such issues can be remedied by the implementation of fitting denominator with prime examples including area or population. The Choropleth map below demonstrates varying area distributions of robbery and burglary and do not suggest any pattern of crime activity in any particular area. Additionally, the area structuring problems referred to above highlight the point that the colour chart may distort the actual nature of crime issues in the areas covered by the Choropleth plot. There are distinct parallels between Grid Maps and Choropleths however the significant difference is the use of grid spacing to avoid the structural problems referred to above. Indeed, a comparison with the Grid maps highlights the misrepresentation of crime hotspots in the

Administrative Distance Essay Example for Free

Administrative Distance Essay In computing there are languages that the commands with each language. This paragraph is going to give commands of Cisco command which change the administrative distance of EBGP routes to the same value as IBGP routes and Cisco IOS commands to change the administrative distance of RIP to four. The commands for Cisco IOS command to EBGP routes are as follows: IOS Cisco vs. Juniper JUNOS: The technical differences IOS usually is a monolithic operating system, which means it runs as a single operation and  all processes share the same memory space. Because of the latter feature, bugs in one setup can have an impact on or corrupt other processes. In addition, if a user wishes to add features or functions to the operating system, IOS has to be disabled while a completely new version with the chosen features is loaded. JUNOS, on the other hand, was built as a modular operating system See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay The kernel based on is the open source FreeBSD operating system, and processes run as modules on top of the kernel are separate out in exclusive, protected, memory space. Users thus can add features and functions to the version of JUNOS running on their systems without disabling the entire operating system a characteristic known as in-service software upgrades that also enhances uptime and availability. The major difference is operational, says Jeff Doyle, president of IP consultancy Jeff Doyle and Associates, who has worked with both.

Components of the International Political System

Components of the International Political System International Political System I. International Political System and Its Components Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Heraclitus said that the only thing constant in this world is change. Taking this statement, he believes that people must not only accept the changes happening, moreover, they must know how to celebrate it.[1] By trying to look around, one can clearly see the things that have changed and are continuously changing; some getting better, some becoming worse, others are mixed, name it, the world has it. Among the most common things that have changed and/or modified over the years are the value of every care the value of currency against the other, monetary inflation rate, voting behavior of people, climate, language, technology, among others. Despite the fact of these changes happening, each state has its own way of coping, mobilizing, promoting and even recreating to it and has a parallel effect to the global society. It is very important to recognize these changes for it will be one of the bases in order to provide answer to the question that will be solved in this paper: As of now, do we have an international political system? After thorough research and analysis, the stand of this paper acclaims that yes, as of now, we do have an international political system. In this paper, arguments related to government structure, behavior of the populace, power, and development will be presented in order to toughen its claim that there is international political system nowadays and its presence today was brought about by the different actions of the people in the yesteryears and significant events that had happened then. Before proceeding to the points that will strengthen the claim, it is important to unlock first the complex terms used in the formulating the question and break it into smaller ideas. The question at hand can be divided into three parts in order to make sure that at the end, there will be a proper riposte. For the first part, the question suggests a certain time frame as to when the answer must be based on, which is the present time, â€Å"as of now,† next, a certain manifestation is being searched upon, â€Å"do we have,† and lastly, the main factor that is being considered, the â€Å"international political system.† Since the first and second parts of the query are relating on the third one, this time, it is necessary to define the said system and explain it for this will greatly help in guiding the points that will be presented on the latter part of this paper. The term â€Å"international political system† is comprised of three different terms that carry different significant meaning in the study of Political Science and this calls for identifying each before understanding it as a single thought. First to be identified is the system. System is the composite formed by a structured set of interacting units.[2] Unit is the entity composed of various sub groups, organizations, communities, and many individuals, sufficiently cohesive to have actor quality (i.e. to be capable of conscious decision-making), and sufficiently independent to be differentiated from others and to have standing at the higher levels (e.g. states, nations, transnational firms).[3] To highlight, it is important that the system must have interacting units, meaning, there is reciprocal action or influences between such. Otherwise, it cannot be considered as a system. Next is politics. It might be best characterized as the constrained use of social power – the study of the nature and source of those constraints and the techniques for the use of social power within those constraints.[4] It can also be lowered to an idea of chasing interests and decisions. Whenever an individual is faced with choices or when a state is choosing to possible decisions on issue of just and unjust for the populace, they fall to the same ground, politics. To be given meaning lastly is the term international. This term was fashioned by Jeremy Bentham and he footnoted in his work that the word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of the law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations: an appellation so uncharacteristic that, were, it not force of custom, it would seem rather to refer to international jurisprudence.[5] From this definition, he only wanted to imply that while there are laws that can be implemented exclusively within the territory of every state, on the other hand, there is also law, an international law, that is being followed and must be abide by all the states that recognize such since they share a common region or organizational goal. Example of this is the UNCLOS or the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It lays down a comprehensive regime of law a nd order in the worlds oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.[6] Through UNCLOS, contradicting claims of every state relative to world’s oceans and seas are being put into table, subjected to presentation of evidences, similar in a trial court, and draws the judgment from the substantiations offered by each of the state. Having defined the concepts that make up the idea of international political system, this time, it is significant to draw the definition of IPS itself. From the delineations provided, it can be illustrated that an international political system simply means that it is a system with the same components or units that are interacting between each other or amongst one another, dependent to every other units within it, and has a trajectory of similar, related, or parallel goal or purpose. Reaching this definition, it only provides that if the system that we currently have in the society today do not fit in the three major qualifications of [a.] interacting units, [b.] dependent to each or one another, and [c.] has analogous goal, it can obviously be declared that we do not have an international political system. For the next pages, these factors will be the foundation of the paper’s stand. II. State and International Government Organizations A better way to proceed to next part of this paper is by citing a clichà © quote which has been attributed to International Relations for quite a long time, from Lord Palmerston, and he said â€Å"We have no permanent allies, we have no permanent enemies, we only have permanent interests.†[7] Seeing the status quo, of different states shifting alliances, focused on constantly claiming territories, and partnership with other countries for strengthening military defenses, Lord Palmerston was never wrong even it was already more than a century ago when he mentioned it. Security is important for a state since it greatly affects the populace, economy, the government and its sovereignty. If the state’s security is threatened, it does not only put the people into the brink of harm, but moreover, it places the entire territory beyond the threshold of peace, thus, violence. Because of these possibilities, it is significant that a state must establish alliance with other state or be part of an international government organization. Being part of the international organization brings the concept of international systems or the largest conglomerates of interacting or interdependent units that have no system level above them.[8] International government organizations exist to help the states handle issues that they cannot alone and they also create cooperation between the states.[9] By being part of an international government organization, it is true that at this point, the member state does not only consider what is solely good and beneficial for his country, but then it learns to recognize the existence of other states and realize, in one way or another, their importance to itself. International government organizations help each country to fully understand and be educated about the process of diplomacy. Process is what units are actually doing in the system.[10] Diplomacy is the process wherein they send representative, called a diplomat, to other state, or into an IGO to conduct arbitration and settle state disputes. The study of the concentration and distribution of power in the international system is an important topic in the study of world politics because of a presumed correlation with the likelihood of war.[11] This is why, as mentioned, diplomacy is important and participation with the international government organizations is beneficial because it greatly influences in maintaining a state and the entire region’s peace, cooperation and security. IGOs such as United Nations, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund; and the regional organizations like Association of Southeast Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, greatly help in meeting the needs of the states which has affiliation to these organizations. They aid in the healthcare, security, financial needs of the member state and they debate on issues to determine the best solution for problems arising in the states and the organization as a whole. III. The Three Major Qualifications Going back, I have mentioned that if the system that we currently have in the society today do not fit in the three major qualifications of [a.] interacting units, [b.] dependent to each or one another, and [c.] has analogous goal, it can obviously be declared that we do not have an international political system. In brief, this paper strongly confirms that presently, there is International Political System. One of the strongest points to prove it is the presence of order in the society. There are laws that are being followed, there are international government organizations that have the same goal which is to help every member state for its development, and the units here, or the groups or organizations with an actor-quality like decision-making, were able to have connections, relations, and interactions in various fields be it for economic purposes, cooperation for stronger bond of the organization and for active participation of every member states. From the very start, the question itself used the phrase â€Å"as of now†, and for this, I will also cite the specific proof of the presence of IPS in the present time. First is the serious effort of the United Nations in finding way to help the Fijian UN peacekeepers captured by the Syrian branch of Al Qaeda. Just last Sunday, Filipino p eacekeepers were able to escape from the rebels. The UN has also offered aid to the nearly  three million  Syrian refugees it has registered in neighboring countries.[12] Another, the ASEAN Integration will be put into effect for less than a year and a half from now until the self-imposed due date of end-2015.[13] These are the proofs that the units follow a certain system in the political grounds of the society today which creates ordered processes. [1] John Mansley Robinson,An Introduction to Early Greek Philosophy, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1968), 91 [2] Barry Buzan and Richar Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000), 442. [3] Ibid. p. 442. [4] Robert E. Goodin and Hans Dieter-Klingemann, A New Handbook of Political Science, (Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998),p. 4. [5] M. W. Janis, Jeremy Bentham and the Fashioning of â€Å"International Law,† (The American Journal of International Law, 1984), pp. 405-418 [6] Daniel Hollis, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, The Encyclopedia of Earth, 2010), www.eoearth.org/view/article/156775. [7] David Brown, Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy, 1846-1855 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), pp. 82-83. [8] Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2000), pp. 69. [9] Henderson. Understanding International Law, 33. [10] Buzan and Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations, 80. [11] Diana Richards, A Chaotic Model of Concentration in the International System, (International Studies Quarterly 1993), 37, pp. 55-72. [12] Ben Hubbard, (2014, August 31). Affiliate of Al Qaeda Confirms Capture of U.N. Peacekeepers in Syria. Retrieved August 31, 2014, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/world/middleeast/un-peacekeepers-captured-in-syria.html?_r=0 [13] Rommel W. Domingo. (2014, September 1). Asean inches closer to economic integration. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Inquirer.net: http://business.inquirer.net/177832/asean-inches-closer-to-economic-integration

Complications Of Skeletal Traction Health And Social Care Essay

Complications Of Skeletal Traction Health And Social Care Essay In the last two decades, there have been major changes in the management of lower limb long bone fractures, surgical management has become the norm. Skeletal traction is now rarely used as the definitive form of management. Most of the patients admitted to our hospitals have skeletal injuries, and these patients have prolonged length of stay as they are initially managed non- operatively. Complications of traction have been looked at since 1947 and have been published but literature from the developing countries is lacking. This study is being conducted to evaluate the prevalence of complications associated with skeletal traction with lower extremity fractures. Objective : To determine the proportion of patients with Lower Extremity fractures who develop complications associated with skeletal traction. Study Design:- This is a Hospital based Prospective Descriptive study, that will be carried out from December 2010 to March 2011. Study Setting :- The study will be carried out at the KNH orthopaedic wards. Materials and Methods :- Patients who are put on lower limb skeletal traction will be recruited into the study, They will be reviewed weekly for complications namely pin tract infection, pressure sores, venous thrombo-embolism, orthostatic pneumonia and knee stiffness, until upto the point they are taken off traction. The data will be collected using pre-designed questionnaires. INTRODUCTION Fractures of the femur are almost always the result of great violence and are sometime a threat to the patients life, not only because of the immediate complications such as bleeding or associated injuries but also because of subsequent complications related either to the treatment of the fracture or to the complications of the associated injuries. Immobilization of the fracture was recognised as essential for union. The development of splints, such as the Thomas splint and the subsequent combinations of the splints with traction methods either fixed or balanced, allowed for better control of the fracture, patients never the less had to remain in traction for three months or longer before the fracture was sufficiently stable to allow ambulation. Skeletal traction is seldom used in modern practice, usually it is only a temporary mode of treatment. Internal Fixation is still the treatment of choice for most closed injuries, this is because of higher union rates, lower rates of complications, earlier weight bearing, shorter hospital stays and early return to daily activites. In KNH majority of the patients admitted with femoral fractures are managed initially on skeletal traction. Patients with proximal femoral fractures are on Russel Hamiltons traction while patients with femoral shaft fractures are on Perkins traction. When the patient is managed on skeletal traction the patient is on prolonged bed rest and hospital stay increases also nursing care is difficult and the patient is at risk of developing morbidities due to the skeletal traction and prolonged immobilisation. The cost of care is increased and as seen in our setting most of the patients we manage come from a low socio-economic background who have difficulties in financing their healthcare. The prolonged confinements of the patients on traction is associated with certain complications, such as pin tract infections, decubitus ulcers, which can be overcome by better nursing care, but the complications of prolonged bed rest such as bladder and bowel derangements, deep venous thrombosis, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, to mention only a few cannot be prevented hence the need for early internal fixation. Literature Review Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in adolescents and young adults (1,2,3,4) and of the estimated 856 000 road deaths occurring annually worldwide, 74% are in developing countries (5). In both Nigeria (6,7) and Kenya (8), for example, a fivefold increase in traffic-related fatalities was observed over the last 30 years. Injuries cause profound morbidity and are one of top 10 causes of death and disability in both developing and developed economies (9). Kenya, like other developing countries, lacks organised efforts to reduce the burden of injuries. Although there is debate as to whether trauma systems in high-income countries are transferable to developing economies, baseline studies providing accounts of injury and injury trends in least developed countries are scanty.(10) Media reports have raised concern over rising road accident injuries in Kenya. Most of these occur in the capital city, Nairobi (11). Those injured mainly receive treatment at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) the citys main hospital. The city lacks a systematic pre-hospital care and the patients arrive at the institution at any time and unannounced. As demonstrated in Saidis study, the injured are transported to hospital by private vehicles in the majority of cases. Ninety two per cent of the casualties arrive at KNH without any pre-hospital optimisation. (10) Saidi et al (12)found 31.0% of all admissions at KNH are due to injury indicating that a large volume of trauma admissions is handled at this public hospital. The average length of hospital stay of 14 days is from Saidis study is much longer than in reports from established trauma facilities. At the Vancouver General and Teaching Hospital, Canada, the length in 1997 was 9.14 days despite caring for patients with severer injuries (24% with ISS > 16) than in Saidis (12) cohort of patients (13.4% with ISS > 15) [12,13]. The excess length of hospital stay at KNH is caused by the predominance of skeletal injuries. Long bone fracture fixation is usually performed late, a practice occasioned by the local economic environment and a limiting factor for external validity of this outcome measure. An initial period of nonoperative care, which may last up to 4 weeks, is inevitable. The delay is caused by time spent to raise funds for desired implants. Many patients (90%) pay for the services out of their pockets [14]. If a policy of early fracture treatment incorporating a care reimbursement system that does not delay the operative intervention is introduced, the average length of stay may improve. This early fixation would additionally prevent pulmonary failure state, alleviate pain, ease nursing care, reduce complications [15], and allow early rehabilitation and return to work. The principles of traction are a pulling force that is applied to part of the body i.e. the limbs, the pelvis or spine and another force applied in the opposite direction called counter traction. The forces involved in traction are based on Newtons third law of motion, which states for every action there has to be an equal and opposite reaction. Malgaigne characterized as the greatest surgical historian, and author of the 1st comprehensive work on the diagnosis and the treatment of fractures (18), credits Guy de Chauliac with the introduction of continuous, isotonic traction in the treatment of fractures of the femur. This was accomplished by suspending a weight, attached to the leg by a cord over a pulley at the foot of the bed. The use of traction dates as far back as 3000 yrs. The Aztecs and the ancient Egyptians used manual traction and made splints out of tree branches and bark. (19) In 1847, Malgaigne introduced the first effective device which grasped the bone itself, these hooks were designed for the Rx of displaced patella fractures, the hooks were pressed through the skin and subcutaneous tissue to engage the proximal and distal fragment of the patella.(18) During World War One there was a rapid spread of the use of skeletal traction by application of tongs to the femoral condyles. After the war the tongs were extensively used in the United States but their popularity gradually decreased because of the complications, particularly infection associated with their use, tongs are now mainly reserved for skull traction.(21,22,23,24,25) Skeletal traction by means of the Steinman pin was popularized by Bohler and his students. Isotonic traction still remains an essential element in the closed treatment of many fractures. In many places worldwide it is standard practice to apply skeletal or skin traction to the injured limb following acute fractures prior to surgery Billsten 1996; Brink, 2005 (41). Traction may be either skin or skeletal. The main theoretical advantages of traction are that it will reduce pain at the fracture site and assist the reduction of the fracture thereby making the subsequent operation easier to perform. For intracapsular fractures reduction in circulatory complications has been proposed as traction may reduce any tamponade effect (Pressure caused by build up of excess fluid) which will compress blood vessels and block blood flow within the joint. Traction however has potential disadvantages, it makes nursing of the patients more difficult for e.g. use of a bed pan by the patient, pressure area care prior to surgery. Other adverse effects especially of skeletal traction include complications of sepsis at the pin site, pulmonary complications and knee stiffness because of the prolonged immobilization. In the last two decades there have been major changes in the management of lower limb long bone fractures, where resources permit, surgical management of open closed femoral tibial fractures has become routine.(26) Traction should now be rarely used as the definitive form of management. Orthopaedic surgeons have come to appreciate that there are 4 main treatment goals for fracture management (27). These goals were created by the ASIF (association for the study of internal fixation) and are: Anatomic reduction of the number fragments, ensuring alignment, length, and angulation and rotation are corrected as required. Stable internal fixation to fulfil bio-mechanical demands Preservation of blood supply to the injured area of the extremity. Active pain free mobilization of adjacent muscles and joints to prevent the development of fracture disease There are several studies done to determine the usefulness of pre-op traction, (32,33,34,,35,36,37,38,39), though these studies are mainly looking at proximal femoral fractures. Traction prior to surgery is standard practise in some hospitals, a survey of 78 hospitals in Sweden (40) showed that a quarter of those, routinely applied skin traction to all patients with hip fractures, while another survey done by Brink et al in 2005(41) found that pre-op traction was standard practise in 20% of trauma departments in the Netherlands. These studies have shortfalls in that the type of traction used is mainly skin fraction, and the maximum duration patients are on traction is 2.3 days Brink 2005(41), while in our setting patients are on traction for minimum one week prior to internal fixation . In this study only 4 patients were put on skeletal traction of the total patients put on traction, reasons for the difference are not given. From the Cochrane review article on the pre-op benefits of traction, not many studies have looked at the complications of patients put on skeletal traction. The main outcome measures in these studies (32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41) were degree of pain, analgesia use, length of surgery, ease of fracture reduction, and it seems like incidence of pressure sores and other complications were secondary objectives. One of the earliest accounts of complications of skeletal traction is from 1946, by Kirby Fills (42) they mainly looked at complications associated with trans-fixation pins and wires in skeletal traction, from a series of 305 fractures of long bones, complications occurred in 12, of these only 3 were related with Steinman pin use one of the patients had pin tract infection (PTI), and 2 had peroneal nerve palsy, however the author clearly states many patients who had a little drainage from the pin but no signs of inflammation were not regarded as pin tract infection . Pin tract infection is defined as an abnormal condition associated with skeletal traction or external fixation devices and is characterized by infection of superficial, deeper or soft tissues or by osteomyelitis. These infections may develop at skeletal traction pin sites. Some of the signs of pin tract infection are erythema at the pin sites, drainage, pin loosening, elevated temperature, and pain. The bone pin construct is not a sterile interface, but it is a pathway between the surface of the skin, which is normally colonized by bacteria, and the medullary cavity which is sterile (43). Factors which predispose to pin tract infection are thermal necrosis (44) and accumulation of fluid around the pin (45). Regular pin care prevents crusting around the pins, thus minimizing fluid accumulation and hence transmission of bacteria, within the underlying tissues (45). Pin insertion using a hammer leads to splintering of the cortex (46). Insertion of the pin using power tools has been indicated as the main cause of thermal necrosis (44) hence hand drills are preferable for insertion. Necrosis of osteophytes and tissues due to the temperature elevation provide a fertile bed for any pathogenic bacteria. Patients who are put on skeletal traction suffer from morbidities associated with prolonged bed rest. A feature peculiar to these patients is morbidities associated with pin tract infections, which results in pain, pin loosening and subsequently need for removal of the pin. Neglect in these cases can lead to abscess formation and osteomyelitis (43). Similar morbidity of pin tract infection is associated with pins used in external fixators. Reported incidence in the world literature on pin tract infection is 5-10% (47,48,49,50). This incidence increases in cases of transfixation pins upto about 80% (51). The prevalence of pin tract infection varies dramatically in the literature from a 1% prevalence of major infections to an 80% prevalence of minor infections (52). Even in the study identified by the Cochrane review (53) the prevalence of pin tract infection varied, based on the treatment of pin sites, from 8-25% (54). A common factor in most studies of pin site complication is the lack of a standard definition of what constitutes a PTI is it inflammation around the pin site as reported in upto 41.6% in one series (55), or is it cellulitis around the pins or pin sites with draining sero-purulent discharge or is it pin loosening. Therefore this study is being done to establish what the rates of pin tract infection are when all the signs of inflammation will be used to diagnose pin tract infection. Looking at studies done closer to home in 1962 procter reported his series of 41 patients in SA (56), he was looking at use of perkins traction in femoral fracture management. PTI was found in 15% of the patients, while all the patients had full knee ROM at a period of 10 weeks. A few years later Usdin reported his own series of 58 patients, managed by perkins traction, and 5 of these patients 8.6% developed pin tract infections, and 2 cases had residual knee stiffness (57). More recently Gosselin in his series of 53 patients from Sierra Leone in 2005 reported that 23 patients (42.6%) of his patients had a pin tract infection and at an average 29 days after being put on traction.(59) Therefore it is noted incidence of PTI varies from centre to centre and is dependent on several factors , it is the purpose of this study to establish what proportion of patients on skeletal traction develop a PTI. Other complications associated with skeletal traction are decubitus ulcers, venous thromboembolism, Knee stiffness and pneumonia. There is sparse literature which reports on the occurrence of these complications in association with skeletal traction. Butt et al in his RCT of operative versus non-operative treatment of distal femoral fractures found that in the non-operative arm, a total of 26 patients developed complications. 3 of these patients had DVT, 4 had chest infections, 4 had pressure sores, 4 had UTIs (58) and 5 out of 26 patients developed pin tract infection. When critically ill patients are under our care it is important to protect them from further deterioration or delays in recovery, especially due to complications that are not related to the underlying pathophysiology that brought the patient to hospital. Immobility is associated with increased risk of VTE, decubitus ulcers and pulmonary insufficiency. Bed rest is a highly un-physiologic form of therapy and can lead to a number of complications (table1). Immobility-Associated Complications System Complications Respiratory Atelectasis Pneumonia Pulmonary embolus Cardiovascular Hypovolemia Dampened carotid baroreceptor response Orthostatic hypotension Deep venous thrombosis Gastrointestinal Constipation Ileus Renal Renal calculi Urinary stasis Endocrine Hyperglycemia Insulin resistance Musculoskeletal Muscular atrophy and deconditioning Bone demineralization Joint contractures Skin Decubitus ulcers Psychosocial Depression Decreased functional capacity Decreased respiratory excursion and stasis of secretions leads to atelectasis and pneumonia, lesser muscle contractions of the lower limbs results in reduced venous return, venous stasis and VTE. Reconditioning, loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is often seen because of immobilization. Bone demineralization due to absence of weight bearing stress on the skeleton, joint contraction occurs because of muscle atrophy. Pressure sores develop because of prolonged pressure on bony prominences. DVT and PE have long been recognized as major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing both elective and emergency orthopedic surgery. Numerous studies have investigated the incidence of DVT PE associated with hip and total knee arthroplasty, also the role of prophylactic anti-coagulation has been extremely investigated. When considering orthopedic trauma patients extrapolation from the arthroplasty literature is not appropriate. The incidence of DVT PE in association with hip and pelvic fracture has been looked at extensively, however there is insufficient information on patients with femoral fractures managed with skeletal traction, so as to allow the orthopedic surgeon to determine the risk or benefit rational of anti coagulation. In a prospective study done in Canada a co-host of 349 following major trauma was studied, and DVT cross found in 126 of the 182 with lower extremity orthopedic injuries, 61% of patients with pelvic fractures, 80% of patients with femoral fractures, 77% of patients with tibia fractures had confirmed DVT using venographic studies. Patients with fracture of tibia, femur are known to be at almost a 5 times more risk to have DVT as compared to patients without fractures. Geerts et al also found that only 3 of the 201 patients with confirmed DVT (ODS 1.5%) had clinical characteristics suggestive of DVT, therefore it is questionable whether clinical characteristics are adequate to make a diagnosis of DVT. Although it is well known that elderly patients have an increased risk of thrombosis. Geerts et al also found that younger patients with trauma those that are under 30years had a 46% incidence of DVT. The incidence of DVT in patients with femoral fractures on skeletal traction is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of DVT with positive clinical characteristics and confirmed by Doppler U/S in patients on skeletal traction for femoral fractures. Respiratory problems are common after long bone fractures, The main common complication of long bone fracture is fat embolism syndrome (FES),(60) followed by respiratory dysfunction and insufficiency.(61,62) Despite the development of medical and anesthetic management, evidence indicates that early treatment of the fractures in a multiply injured patient has a profound effect in reducing the risk of subsequent respiratory complications. (61,63,64,65,66) There are numerous studies showing that early fixation of femoral fractures can decrease the incidence of ARDS and multiple organ failure (MOF).(67,68,69,70,71,65) Over the last decade the beneficial effects of early stabilization of femoral shaft fractures by intramedullary nailing have been challenged. The association between early femoral fixation with reamed nailing and a higher risk of ARDS/MOF has been suggested.(56,64,60,61,65,66,) The first prospective study on this subject showed that among 178 patients, the incidence of pulmonary complications was significantly higher in those with late stabilized fracture.(71) In patients with single fracture, the complication rate after late fixation was 22% in comparison with 4% after early stabilization. In multiple fractures, these rates the traction were100% and 32%, respectively.(69,70) Early fixation can lead to the prevention of thrombosis, subsequent bed ulcers, and decreases the needs for analgesics.(65,74) Furthermore, early stabilization eliminates the need for supine position for skeletal traction, it improves pulmonary function and prevents atelectasis.(63,65,67,74,75) This study is aimed to determine the incidence of respiratory problems in patients who have single femoral or multiple fractures, and are awaiting operative stabilization. Severely restricted knee motion is a recognized complication of operative procedures or trauma around the knee. This is a significant problem in underdeveloped countries where the initial management of many of these injuries is suboptimal. The reported rate (76,77,78,79) of significant knee stiffness after various injuries and procedures around the knee is as high as 11% in the western literature, but may be much higher in underdeveloped countries, where ideal management of trauma is not readily available (80). A large percentage of these cases present with adhesions inside as well as outside the knee, and the management of these cases then becomes complex. Loss of extension is labelled more debilitating in western cultures, with small extension deficits impeding normal walking ; restricted flexion however is a serious problem in the Asian countries, where social and religious mores make sitting on the ground a normal requirement of everyday life. Flexion loss is mostly due to intra-articular fibrosis and scarring in the quadriceps-femoral mechanism. Anterior adhesions involve the quadriceps expansion in the lateral and medial recesses, the suprapatellar bursa, muscle adhesions to the femur, patella , or even shortening of the rectus femoris (77). A number of studies have described the complications of traction however no study from the region where patients are primarily managed on skeletal traction have looked at the complications due to skeletal traction and those associated with prolonged immobilization. STUDY JUSTIFICATION:- American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma has recommended that femoral shaft fractures in polytrauma patients be treated within 2-12 hours after injury, provided they are hemodynamically stable.(81,82) Studies have also shown the significant benefit of intervention within the first 24 hours. Immediate fixation has been shown to decrease fatalities, respiratory complications, multisystem organ failure, and the length of ICU stays in most patients. The type of early fixation used can be debated, but the timing appears to be what makes the difference (83,84). World over fracture fixation has evolved whereby early fixation is advocated for. In the resource-poor local setting with large volumes of patients occasioned by persistently high RTA, the primary management modality is skeletal traction. There is lack of skilled personnel (surgeons/traumatologists) in most peripheral hospitals and hence most patients who have sustained fractures of the lower limb are put on skeletal traction as ORIF cannot be done therefore it is important to establish what are the common complications suffered by these patients. There is a large volume of patients who are seen at KNH, this is mainly because of the poor infrastructure at peripheral hospitals in managing major orthopaedic injuries hence most patients are referred to KNH causing a strain on its resources and ultimately leading to substandard orthopaedic care. The complications associated with skeletal traction and prolonged immobilization have been reported by several authors however most of the numbers of patients who are managed on skeletal traction in these studies are few. In our setup most of the patients with femoral fractures are put on skeletal traction while awaiting operative management therefore it is important to know what the incidence of these complications in our setting are. The incidence of pin tract infection in most studies is not adequately reported as there is no standardized definition of pin tract infection therefore this study will look at pin tract infection broadly . In KNH patients with femoral fractures are put on skeletal traction while awaiting fixation, this is mostly done on an elective operating list and it is not known what duration these patients are on traction, from this study we will establish what the mean waiting time is for a patient with femoral fracture to be internally fixed. It is not known what number of patients with femoral fractures who are put on traction in our setting develop complications hence this study is being done to establish the proportion of patients who get pin tract infections, and other complications associated with skeletal traction. BROAD OBJECTIVE:- To determine the proportion of patients with Lower Extremity fractures who develop complications associated with skeletal traction. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:- To determine the proportion of patients on skeletal traction for LE fracture who develop pin tract infections venous thrombo-embolism knee stiffness pressure sores orthostatic pneumonia 2. Determine the proportion of those who recover from the complications 3. To determine the duration patients are on traction 4. Proportion of those with adverse outcomes following complications PATIENTS AND METHODS STUDY DESIGN This is a Hospital based Prospective Descriptive study. STUDY SETTING:- The study will be carried out at the KNH orthopaedic wards. STUDY PERIOD:- The study will be carried out over a period of four months or?until the sample size is achieved SELECTION CRITERIA :- All patients eligible to the study will be enrolled until the sample size is obtained. INCLUSION CRITERIA:- All skeletally-mature pts with lower extremity fractures put on skeletal traction as a definitive or temporary treatment option Those consenting to be recruited in to the study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:- Skeletal immaturity determined radiologically. Pre existing disease: pneumonia, VTE, pressure sores SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION:- The sample size will be determined by the use of the following formulae to achieve an adequate sample to accurately estimate the prevalence of complications in pin tract infection in the study population. n = Z2ÃŽÂ ±/2 X P (1-P) D2 Where n = required sample size P = prevalence of pin tract infection (42.6%, 24%  [1]  , 26%  [2]  ), based on the estimated prevalence from a similar study in Sierra Leon by Gosselin. This is the only study in the developing country performed in a similar setting. D = Precision with which to measure prevalence, set at plus or minus 1%. The ZÃŽÂ ±/2 is the cut off points along the x-axis of the standard normal probability distribution that represents probability matching the 95% confidence interval (1.96). Substituting the above in the formulae we get; n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  93.9 = 94 patients DEFINITIONS OF COMPLICATIONS AS WILL BE USED IN DATA COLLECTION :- Pin Tract Infection :- will be defined by signs of hyperemia,pain,crusts,seropurulent discharge around the pin site or pin loosening. Venous Thrombo-embolism :- Patients with unilateral leg swelling, calf pain, will be subjected to doppler u/s to confirm presence of a thrombus. Pressure sores : Trochanteric,sacral,calcaneal regions of the body will be examined and the use of the pressure sore grading system will be used to record presence of pressure sores :- Grade 1 :- non blanchable erythema of intact skin Grade 2:- Partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis,dermis or both Grade 3:- Full thickness skin loss involving damage o or necrosis of subcuataneous tissues that may extend down to but not through underlying fascia Grade 4 :- Full thickness skin losswith extensive destruction, tissue necrosis or damage to muscle or bone. Knee Stiffness :- Patients have a reduced range of motion of the knee of the injured limb and will determined by range of motion of less than 30 degrees, less than or equal to 90 degrees or more than 90 degrees. Pneumonia :- Patients who have recorded high temperatures, respiratory distress, cough, chest pain will be used to make a diagnosis of pneumonia. DATA COLLECTION:- Patients will be recruited into the study Consecutively Use of a questionnaire to gather data, including demographics, cause of fracture, traction system and its duration, incidence of complications and their outcome. Data will be collected as pertains to the date of commencement of traction up to the date patient undergoes operative management or is taken off traction. Patients will be recruited into the study as they are put on traction, and will be followed upto the time they are taken off traction. DATA ANALYSIS:- The data will be collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires will be coded to make the data entry easy. The filled questionnaires will be kept in a safe place ready for the data entry and for the confidentiality of the patients details. After cross checking the questionnaires for any missing entries a data base will be designed in MS Access which will allow the researcher to set controls and validation of the variables. On completion of the data entry exercise the data will be exported in a Statistical Package (SPSS Version 15.0 Chicago , Illinois) for analysis. The data will be presented in tables and figures where applicable. Non- Parametric tests (Mann Whitney U test) will be used to examine whether there is any significant association between the continuous variables e.g. age and duration count, while chi-square will be used to establish the significant associations between the categorical variables. Odds Ratios (OR) and associated 95%C

Poetry Comparison on The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Essay -- Papers

Poetry Comparison on The Flea and To His Coy Mistress I would firstly like to begin on 'The Flea'. This poem is about a man that is trying to persuade a woman to have sex with him, by symbolically using a flea. The content of the poem is very much the same throughout the whole of the poem. In the first stanza, the poet is basically talking about how the flea represents their coming together and in the last two stanza's the poet tries to then persuade the woman to have sex by using different tactic's like guilt etc. To the end of the second stanza the woman whom is being seduced, kills the flea and is clearly stating that she will not go to bed with the poet. Following this he tries to tell her that it is cruel and unjust and a sin against God, and what she has done is wrong and there is also nothing wrong with sex before marriage. The poem is set in the 17th century and I think the poet feels very strongly about what he is saying, and takes it very seriously. I also think that the poem works very well with its comparison to the flea, and I think that the author has been very clever in what he has said. Secondly, I would like to talk about 'To his Coy Mistress'. This poem is very much the same as 'The Flea' and has many similarities. Again the poem is based upon a man trying to get a woman to go to bed with him, and is too set in the 17th century. The poem is split into three stanzas and each of them differs from the next, although still trying to get across the same message. In the first verse the poet is trying to flatter the woman by using complimentary language and words such as, "a hundred years should go to pra... ...s he proves to be less than adequate ' shimmying in & out every other day as though he owned the place'. He shows interest in only one thing and expects her to do all the work and 'weave the means of her own escape'. She is patient and encouraging at first, holding out hope that she might be able to guide him towards something at least a little closer to her idea of what a man should be like. However, he fails completely in this respect and she ends up speechless with frustration and tears herself in two. I think all in all when love is concerned in poetry nowadays it is a bit of a mockery and no one ever takes it that seriously. People think that love is something to be laughed at and never something to be admired. So I think love poems have changed a lot, although there are still some poets who have the right idea.

Americas Economic Debate :: essays research papers

â€Å"Government that governs least governs best.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Jefferson 43% percent of the National Income (spending) is controlled by state and local sectors instead of the prominent private sector. Why do they immediately control how deep in debt the whole country is in? In the end it is the following generation that will unwillingly be endowed with this record high national debt and growing deficit. It is said that in America our government has marginal influence on our economy; that it does not get involved with our market. Laissez-Fair for example a core policy which America proudly claims to practice, and is included in every US History book in the nation seems to be just that... history. Such accusations are being heard across the nation as Americans are greeted every morning with a headline or two reminding us of how much more in debt our country really is. Many are quick to point the finger at someone; anyone (Bush, Iraq etc.) But the truth is that Bush inherited a receding economy from the all famous Clinton administration. In addition to his inherited downward slope, the events that occurred on the 11th of September did not help, in fact it had a cataclysmic effect on the economy. At this point America was confused; it was only a little over a year ago that politicians were bragging about a $557 billion surplus!(2001) The US was at an all time low and all it could do was sit back and wait for things to turn around, things that made our great economy work; like confidence, security, things that kept consumers want to keep spending. And like the great nation that America is; slowly but surely things did begin to turn around, but the decision to retaliate the attack on our demoralized constitutional republic proved to be just another setback on the latter of the goal to reach a strong and secure economic standard. This is not a history paper but this information will later be used to make a point. The total economy is made up of 2 basic components: the portion dependant on federal, state and local government spending is called the GOVERNMENT SECTOR, the part remaining is not dependant on government spending. In fact it depends on growth of national productivity, savings and real incomes. This portion of the economy is called the PRIVATE SECTOR. In the past the Private sector rightfully so was much larger than the Government sector, but as

Philosophy Of Science Essay

The topic of essay is â€Å"There is more to seeing than meets the eyeball†. These are words of N. R. Hanson, and I’ll try to show here my point of view. In his work â€Å"Observation† Hanson says that if two different people (for example, microbiologists), look at prepared slide, they give different answers for question what did they see there. It means, they see the same object, but their feelings and understanding of object, as well their definitions regarding it are different. Hanson gives the following answer:† ‘These are different interpretations of what all observers see in common. Retinal reactions to figure are virtually identical; so too are our visual sense-data, since our drawings of what we see will have the same content. There is no place in the seeing for these differences, so they must lie in the interpretations put on what we see. † (Hanson, p. 9) So, everything depends on interpretations of the object – the characteristics are given by us, while seeing the same by different people. Let’s take a picture and will try to find out what can be seen there. Again, some people can see only birds – they see an opened bick of some big bird, the others see horns and antelope. Another question: do the people, who have never seen antelope, see an antelope in this picture? We can see the picture as one shape, then as of another. We interpret it and see it as we interpret it. (Hanson, p. 7) Another idea which Hanson gives is that this kind of interpretation depends on experience. So let’s take as example the picture of an X-ray tube viewed from the cathode. Some experienced physicist will recognize here an X-ray tube, but a small baby and a driver, for example, will have another interpretation based on their visual experience. They see the same object, but have different interpretations. Hanson says:† Seeing is not only the having of a visual experience; it is also the way in which the visual experience is had†. (Hanson, p. 8). A physicist saw this object in school, but from his visual experience he saw only an instrument made of metal and glass. When he studied at the university, he learned about this instrument and saw the construction in the book and had completely another interpretation. The object didn’t change, but the visual experience did. So, in order for driver to see the same what physicist sees, he needs to learn physics. The baby is blind to what driver sees, although he is not blind and sees the same object. Seeing means also some kind â€Å"to have knowledge of certain sorts† (Hanson, p. 11). Let’s take another scientist, Hacking, with his article â€Å"Do we see through a microscope? † He speaks about the ways we get new kinds of perception when we use different objects to manipulate a world we cannot see by our normal eye-sight. Hacking says that â€Å"we don’t see through a microscope, we see with a microscope†. For example, we can use electrons in order to get other results, and by doing this, we are convinced of their existence with their stable properties. It doesn’t mean that we have an entire knowledge regarding those electrons, but we have those properties as known because of our experience. Here comes the slogan:† If you can manipulate them, they must be real. † (I. Hacking, p. 150). So, really, we can make a conclusion that â€Å"There is more to seeing than meets the eyeball†.

A Filmic Analysis of Hamlet Essay

Shakespeares settlement inspired galore(postnominal) drive directors to adapt the play onto the king-sized screen. In Kenneth Branaghs version, he offs on the challenge of twain directing the film and portraying settlement. In Marco Zeferellis edition, keep actor Mel Gibson stars as Hamlet. The directors use dis analogous aspects of cinematography and mise-en-scene to depict distinctive interpretations of the famed To be or not to be soliloquy.Branagh interprets the scene as a carefulness of Hamlets decision whether to eradicate himself or Claudius, whereas Zeferelli construes the scene as a deliberation of manner, demise, and the after liveness. Branagh uses props, varied camera gos, and thoughtful acting to describe the To be or not to be soliloquy as a brooding decision dogged Hamlet of attain versus inaction. Branagh begins the soliloquy liner a two-way reverberate, with Polonius and Claudius hidden female genital organ it. The audience sees Hamlet staring n ow at himself, while also cladding the concealed men behind the mirror.This personifies the sentiment that Hamlet is hesitant about winning action against his own life or taking the life of Claudius Whether tis nobler in the discernment to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles / And, by opposing end them (3. 1. 65-68). The camera angle consists of a medium close-up on the acute concentration of Branaghs bet, expressing the critical expression of his life and Claudiuss. Later in the soliloquy, Hamlet uncovers a bodkin, pointing the weapon towards the two-way mirror in a manifestation of action versus inaction.The lighting of the scene highlights Branaghs baptistery and list with explicit detail, leaving no question to the viewer about his purpose on either killing himself or Claudius. However, Branagh neglects to analyze Hamlets authentic contemplation of demise itself. Zeferelli focuses on Hamlets reflection of death as an experience and also the ambiguity of the afterlife. Mel Gibson recites the To be or not to be soliloquy in a royal tomb where his father is buried. The morbid setting suggests a theme of death. The low-key lighting emphasizes an grim quality associated with Hamlets excogitate of the afterlife.Gibson meticulously edges through the graves, using still speech to reflect upon his life and the life of his father For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, / When we have shuffled off this venomous coil, / Must give us pause. in that locations the respect / That makes calamity of so long life (3. 1. 74-77). Hamlet believes that the hardships of life become resolute through death. The din of human affairs perishes along with an idiosyncratics life. Gibsons acting and disposition suggest that he thinks death is to a greater extent appealing than life.His ponderings are not a question of action and revenge further a question of the actual prospects of death and what c omes after death. The setting in a tomb highlights this as well as Gibson keenly looking up towards enlightenment during the soliloquy. Although the two directors interpret the To be or not to be soliloquy incompatiblely, similarities outlast between the two scenes. The acting of Branagh and Gibson both reflect deep contemplation Branagh organism to a greater extent concerted and Gibson being more musing. Both actors use Shakespeares quarrel very thoughtfully and precisely, and keep their voices in a soft but convert monot maven.The camera angles of the scenes are also similar with the shot situated intently on the actors faces, either focused in a fixed position on Branagh to gift great credence or zooming in slowly on Gibsons face to represent a more reflective quality. Both directors do an exceptional trade conveying the message that their cinematographic and acting choices suggest. The To be or not to be soliloquy is interpreted in many different ways, but Branagh and Zefe relli artfully choose one aspect of the scene to focus on.

Heart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories Essay

Psychoanalytic reproval originated in the bring in of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pi champi wholenessred the technique of psycho psychoanalysis. Freud developed a spoken language that described, a model that apologizeed, and a possible action that encompassed homophile psychology. His theories be directly and indirectly concerned with the genius of the un informed(p) top dog mind look. finished his multiple case studies, Freud piece of musicaged to find persuade evidence that approximately of our actions ar sterilise by psychological forces over which we hold up truly limited break (Guerin 127). ane of Freuds most important constituents to the arena of the question is his surmisal of repression the un conscious mind mind is a monument of repress confides, feelings, memories, wishes and spiritual drives m any an new(prenominal)(prenominal) of which demand to do with awakenuality and violence. These unconscious wishes, according to Fr eud, dissolve find calculateance in day envisages beca valet de chambreipulation ro domainces distort the unconscious frame head for the hills and throw impinge on it be different from itself and more than accept fitted to consciousness. They may in addition appear in other camod forms, exchangeable in language ( almosttimes c eached the Freudian slips), in creative art and in mental case demeanour.One of the unconscious desires Freud bankd that all(prenominal) give-up the ghost(predicate) kind- substanceed beings supposedly suppress is the childhood desire to displace the parent of the said(prenominal) sex and to seize on his or her place in the affections of the parent of the opposite sex. This so-c every(prenominal)ed Oedipus Complex, which all children experience as a ordinance of passage to adult gender identity, lies at the core of Freuds internal scheme (Murfin 114-5). A principal element in Freuds theory is his assignment of the affable wreakes to cardinal psychic zones the id, the self and the superego.The id is the vexational, paradoxical, and unconscious break dance of the psyche. It is the site of the free energy of the mind, energy that Freud characterized as a combination of sexual libido and other instincts, such as aggression, that urge on the hu world beings organism finished behavior, base it to grow, develop and pull d stimulatetually to die. That primary mathematical operation of smell is completely stupid, and it cannot distinguish in their right minds(predicate) objects and unreasonable or subject matteryly inconceivable ones. Here comes the secondary changees of the mind, lodged in the ego and the superego.The ego, or I, was Freuds term for the predominantly able, logical, hostelryly and conscious firearm of the psyche it works on repressing and inhibiting the drives of the id so that they may be released in sane behavioral patterns. And though a hulky dower of the ego is unconsci ous, it neverthe little includes what we conceive of of as the conscious mind. The superego is a exclusion of the ego. It is the example censoring agency the break dance that makes moral judgments and the escritoire of conscience and pride.It brings reason, order and social acceptability to the otherwise run remote and potentially harmful realm of biologic impulses (Guerin 128-31). Freuds theories induct launched what is now know as the psychoanalytic approach to writings. Freud was kindle in writers, especially those who depended braggart(a)ly on symbols. Such writers tend to tinge their ideas and thinks with mystery or ambiguity that precisely make smack once interpreted, just as the analyst tries to figure verboten the dreams and peculiar actions that the unconscious mind of a psychoneurotic releases out of repression.A work of literature is thuslyce performed as a fantasy or a dream that Freudian analysis comes to explain the spirit of the mind that pro duced it. The purpose of a work of art is what psychoanalysis has found to be the purpose of the dream the secret triumph of an infantile and forbidden wish that has been repressed into the unconscious (Wright 765). The literal surface of a work of literature is sometimes called the evidence content and tempered as patent dream or dream flooring. The psychoanalytic literary critic tries to analyze the latent, inherent content of the work, or the dream pictorial matter hidden in the dream story. Freud utilize the terms condensation and displacement to explain the mental processes that result in the disguise of the wishes and fears in dream stories. In condensation, some(prenominal) wishes, anxieties or understandingfulnesss may be condensed into a single manifestation or visualize in dream story in displacement, a thought or a person may be displaced onto the image of another(prenominal) with which or whom there is an press release loose and arbitrary association that s carce an analyst can decode.Psychoanalytic critics treat metaphors as if they were dream condensations they treat metonyms- figures of lecture based on weak connections- as if they were dream displacements. Thus, figures of speech in good general are treated as purviews that secure the light when the writers conscious mind balks what the unconscious asks it to depict or describe. Psychoanalytic ani worked upversion written in the basic place 1950 tended to study the psyche of the individual author.Poems, refreshings and plays were treated as fantasies that allowed authors to release curbed desires, or to shelter themselvesfrom deep- rooted fears, or both. Later, psychoanalytic critics halt assuming that artists are borderline neurotics or that the characters they fabricate and the figurative language they social function can be canvas to figure out the dark, hidden fancies in the authors minds. So they moved their focus toward the psychology of the reader, and came to infer that artists are skilled creators of works that collection to the readers repressed wishes.As such, psychoanalytic criticism typically attempts to do at least one of the following tasks study the psychological traits of a writer provide an analysis of the creative process or research the psychological impacts of literature on its readers (Murfin 115-20). non all psychoanalytic critics, however, are Freudian. many of them are persuaded by the writings of Carl Gustav Jung whose analytic psychology is different from Freuds psychoanalysis.Jung had small with Freuds emphasis on libidinal drives and had developed a theory of the joint unconscious although, manage Freud, he believed in a in-person unconscious as a repository of repressed feelings (Wright 767). The processes of the unconscious psyche, according to Jung, produce images, symbols and myths that belong to the large gentleman culture. He refers to the manifestations of the myth-forming elements as motifs, nati ve images, or archetypes. Jung indicated further that the dreams, myths and art all serve as media by means of which archetypes get going accessible to the consciousness.One major contri moreoverion is Jungs theory of laissez faire which is the process of discovering those aspects of ones self that make one an individual different from other people. It is, according to Jung, an absolutely essential process if one is to acquire a equilibrate individual he detected an intragroup relationship in the midst of neurosis and the persons failure to accept some archetypal features of his unconscious. Individuation is related to three archetypes designated as nighttime, persona and anima. These are structural components that compassionate race beings have inherited.We come over their symbolic projections by means ofout the myths and literatures of humankind. The can is the darker side of our unconscious self, the inferior and less pleasing aspects of the ainity. The anima is the soul-image the etymon of a mans living force. Jung gives it a distaff designation in the mans psyche it is the contra-sexual part that a man carries in his personal and incarnate unconscious.The persona is the opposite of the anima it is our social personality and the mediatorbetween our ego and the external world. A balanced man has a flexible persona that is in harmony with the other components of his psychic make-up (Guerin 178-83). by dint of the lenses of Jungian psychoanalysis, the literary school text is no longer seen as a site where the quelled impulses get through in disguise. Instead, Jung maintains that both the individual in dreams and the artist at work volition produce archetypal images to compensate for any psychic impoverishment in man and society. He untangles texts of literature by a method he calls ?amplification the images of the corporal unconscious are derived from those of the personal (Wright 767). despite its monotonous rehearsing of a numbe r of themes, psychoanalytic theory has led to a wear realizeing of the complexities of the relation between the human being and the artistic creativity. nucleus of repulsiveness in the light of Psychoanalytic theories. significance of apparition explores something true(p)r, more fundamental, and distinctly less material than just a personal narrative. It is a night expedition into the unconscious, and a confrontation of an entity within the self.Certain circle of Marlows voyage, looked at in these terms, take on a new importance. The true night journey can get on exactly in sleep or in a walking dream of a profoundly intuitive mind. Marlow insists on the dreamlike eccentric of his narrative. It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream devising a vein attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation (Conrad 38). Even before exit capital of Belgium, Marlow mat up as though he was about to set off for plaza of the earth, not the snapper of a perfect (16).The introspective voyager leaves his familiar rational world, is buffet off from the comprehension of his surroundings, his steamer toils along slowly on the edge of a dismal and incomprehensible frenzy (52). As the crisis approaches, the dreamer and his ship moves through a silence that seemed un inhering, like a affirm of trance then enter a deep fog (57). The invigorated penetrates to those areas of night and dream indeed nightmare ? with which Conrad tried to define the substance of the world. It asks questions, destabilizes orthodox assumptions, and sketches an existentially infatuated experience.It involves us in dramatic, crucially trying moral decisions which latitude those of the twain primaeval characters, Marlow and Kurtz. Although it was a coincidence that Freud and Conrad were contemporaries, coincidence is rock-bottom when we perceive the extraordinary parallelism of their achievements (Karl 785). At the time when Conrad was developing his concepts about the congo and political, personal and universal involvement in a nightmarish organism, Freud was fermenting his theories on dreams and the unconscious.Conrads novel appeared in 1900, only months before Freuds book translation of Dreams which formed the manifesto of the psychoanalytic assumptions. both Conrad and Freud were pioneers in their emphasis over the irrational aspects of mans behavioral extend which questioned the traditional analyses. Conrad perceptivityfully stressed the irrationality of regime and its nightmarish character which rests on the neurotic symptoms of the leader, as easily as on the collective neurosis of the masses.He in any case believed in a human behavior that answers the call of inner desires, while justifying itself with accuracy. twain he and Freud dived into the loathsomeness the darkness enters the human soul when his conscience sleeps or when he is free to yield to the unconscious desires and needs, whether through dreams, as Freud argues, or in actuality through the character of Kurtz and his likes. Dreams become the wish-fulfillments of the masked self. This applies to Marlow the very qualities in Kurtz that horrify him are those he finds hidden in himself.Kurtzs insatiable, Nietzchean bewitchment with power mirrors Marlows as sanitary. Kurtzs ruthless career is every mans wish-fulfillment (Karl 785-6). In the novel, Conrad draws an image of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of a civilized europium, a site where mans pile up years of education and sophistication are confronted by a striking boorry. The story opens on the River Thames, calm and peaceful. It then moves to the very opposite of the Thames, and takes place on the River congou.However, Its not the flagrant difference between the two that perplexes Conrad except the underlying allusion of interior relationship, of common ancestry, since the Thames was itself a dark place, but one that has managed to civilize, to enlighten itsel f and the world, and is now live in the light. The peaceful Thames, however, runs the pixilated assay of being stirred by its adventure with its primordial relative, the congou tea it would witness the verbal expression of its give birth forsaken darkness and would hear the sounds that reverberate its remote gloomy history.The Thames would fall victim to the ghastly reminiscences of the irrational frenzy of the primeval times (Achebe 262-3). It would be very stabilising to quote one of the most raise and most revealing passages in breast of shadow when representatives of Europe in a steamer going down the congou encounter the denizens of Africa We were wanderers on a prehistorical earth. ? We glided past like phantoms, wondering and on the QT appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse. ? They howled and leaped, and spun, and make horrid faces but what thrilled you was just the thought of their charity ?like yours ? the thought of your remote affinity with this wild and emotional uproar.Ugly. ? but if you were man enough you would admit that there was in you just the faintest mesmerism of response to the terrible veracity of that noise, a dim indecision of there being a meaning in it which you ? you so remote from the night of first ages ? could wrap up (51-2). Here in lies the meaning of Heart of dimness that takes us on a journey into the unconscious world of the human beings through the psychoanalytic features inherent in the novels dream story. Marlow, a man of tally and justice, was expecting such values to exist elsewhere. They became a kind of psychological expectations. His great manifestation takes place when he discovers that not all men share his belief in an orderly, fundamentally good society. His journey from Brussels to the congou tea is full of elements of the absurd, elements that hint at a world that is suddenly irrational and out of focus. In the Congo, the hobo camp is ring by a dangerous womanish aura the long river is described in treacherous, serpentine terms everything about the nature conveys a sense of a kabbalistic and terrifying worldly concern (Karl 786).Marlow is fascinated by the jungle woman Kurtzs enraged mistress and her demanding display of sex, by her provoking measured walk. He is also drawn by her surprising sense of reality and her full acceptance of Kurtz with all the ferociousness he embodies. Her image contradicts with his ideal of cleaning lady he had known all his life the girl back in Brussels, his aunt, the unprejudiced woman who believed in the Europeans grand delegation in Africa. Marlow tries to resist the seductive aspect of the nature, much as he shies away from the attraction of power.Sex lies heavily on the story, although Marlow never directly talks about it. The temptation is swooning in his fears, in the jungle that conceals the terrors and the calls for orgiastic, uncontrollable sex. In the novel, Kurtz repre sents Europe maneuvering for power, searching for advantages he chose the route of tusk looting. His unquenchable hunger for possession is raise. In Africa, he is free of all human barriers civilized taboos are down. He is able to gratify all his forbidden desires and d sanitarys on ultimate corruption, debarred of all restraints.This lies at the heart of Marlows secret attraction to Kurtz the latter(prenominal)s will to brutal, superhuman power. Kurtz has go above the masses ? of natives, station managers, even of directors back in Brussels. He essential continue to assert himself, a megalomaniac in search of further power. Marlow has never met anyone like him, ? (Karl 787). One telling part in the novel comes with Kurtzs death and his ikon scream The horror The horror (Conrad 105). Marlow, out of his deep fascination with Kurtz and his need to believe in a good human nature, attributes a Christian reading to these linguistic communication.He understands the shriek as a mor al victory at the time of his death, Kurtz has reviewed his life and the corrupt part of him has repented. Its arguable, though, that Kurtzs cry might be one of anguish and hopelessness, because he has to die with his work incomplete. In other words, he laments a fate which frustrates his plans. However, Marlow has explained the horror of this experience in human terms necessary to guaranty the flow of life. He protects the lie of Kurtzs existence in order to persist in his own illusions (Karl 788-9).Hence, we notice that Marlow, throughout his journey, has hidden from himself the reality of his own as well as others needs. The jungle is the mask that nix the light of sun and sky. The landscape becomes the repository of our anxieties and the massive protective camouflage that hides our inner fears. It bars the light of our conscience and rational capacities and becomes part of the psychological as well as physical landscape (Karl 788). It runs parallel to our unconscious mind where our repressed desires are hidden.The prehistoric earth, that is still untouched by the hands of civilization, is but our rudimentary soul, in its raw, savage nature, unrefined and free of the conscious disguises. The lurking hint of kinship that the Europeans have felt at their encounter with the Africans is but a hint of deep connection lively between the rational and the irrational, the conscious and the unconscious. The black and incomprehensible frenzy of the strange bodies is a reminder of the uncontrollable libido.This wild and passionate uproar is ugly because the wilderness and passion that nurture our disguised depths are a mass of animalistic drives, and our id that hosts all unrealised wishes carries the wildest of motivations. Yet, one cannot but heed the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise for one cannot fully resist the temptation to gratify his impulses and instinctual needs. In Freudian terms, our superego sometimes fails to h ave full control over its antithesis, the id. The boundaries that separate the unconscious from the conscious are blurred.This terrible frenzy holds a meaning that, even the man who is so remote from the night of first ages ? could comprehend the refined man is able to understand the noise because it communicates with an inherent ? although masked ? part of his soul. Thus, Africa has become a topology of the mind ? its location, its shape, its cultures, its textures, its rhythms, it hues, its wildness ? all calling forrader something lost in the psychology of the tweed European. The darkness of the African continent, of its instinctual, shadowed, primeval inferno establishes a revealing context for an interrogative of the Jungian concepts in the novel.Marlows journey, in Jungian terms, becomes a journey of laissez faire a salvation realized through bringing the unconscious urges to consciousness ? a journey which can be assembly lineed to that of his goddamn double, Kurtz, wh o undergoes a psychological disintegration into his savage self and slips into The horror The horror The shadow in Heart of Darkness is thus personified by Kurtz. Richard Hughs argues that Kurtzs last words sum up the Jungian insight that from the said(prenominal) root that produces wild, untamed, blind instinct there grow up the natural laws and cultural forms that tame and break its aboriginal power.But when the animal in us is split off from consciousness by being repressed, it may easily detonate out in full force, sooner unregulated and uncontrolled. An outburst of this sort forever and a day ends in catastrophe ? the animal destroys itself (21). Hughs adds that the novel is composed of two journeys into the hidden self, one is horrifying, ending in personality remnant and death the other is restorative, wisdom-producing, a ingress to wholeness ? Conrad has seized on the paradoxical quality of the descent into the unconscious ? (58).For Jung, the integration of the per sonality is not possible without a full descent into the unconscious and clearly the novel is about the descent into the depths, the sin, into the very heart of darkness. Jungs cognisance that the darkness is part of himself, that to deny the darkness would be self-mutilation, and the awareness is not erased but heightened by a recognition of that dark self this is Marlows discovery (Hughs 66). Marlows journey toward individuation and his encounter with the darkness of his own shadow are set against a desktop of the personal and collective unconscious.Kurtz is not only the personal shadow of Marlow, but the collective shadow of all Europe and of European imperialism. Throughout the novel there is a dense undergrowth of Congo unconsciousness, as Marlow succinctly states, All of Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz (73). In the midst of this journey of individuation, we encounter Jungs concept of the anima personified by Kurtzs wild mistress. She is a reflection of the soul of the wilderness, she stood looking at us with a stir, and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose (Conrad 92).She is the savagely magnificent consort of the underworld and the feminine part of every mans psyche. Hughs calls her the grand archetype of the unconscious, consort of the mad Kurtz and the goal of the inner search (268-9). Conrads novel descends into the unknowable darkness at the heart of Africa, taking its narrator, Marlow, on an underworld journey of individuation, a modern Odyssey toward the center of the Self and the center of the Earth. Interestingly, the narrative technique and the inherent symbolism in Heart of Darkness all contribute to the overall dream-like and nightmarish mood of the story.The use of first person narrative was essential so that Conrad could distance himself from the lived experience and for the reader could recognize with a common man impel into a bizarre situation. Lacking Marlow as the narrator, th e story would lose its credibility and would appear too distant from the real experience. Through repetition, difference of tone, analogy, duplicating images, doubling of scenes and characters, Conrad could form a shape for the story. He used rise and foreshortening, contrast and comparison to give the novella form from the opening scene, when the ancient Romans on the Thames arecontrasted with the modern Europeans in the Congo (Karl 789). Marlows calm setting on the Nellie contrasts with the alarming Congo riverboat setting. Kurtzs two fiancees represents two different sets of values, two distant cultures. The jungle, as death, is in conflict with the river, as possible relief. The natives savagery is set off against the backdrop of the apparently civilized Europeans. The contrast reaches the two central characters as well Kurtzs humanitarianism contradicts his own barbarism, Marlows middle class sense of side justice is contrasted with the Congo reality.It is also clear in their fluctuating love-hate relationship that pervades the story. The copiousness of mechanical and metallic images shows a sense of human waste and indicates that tough objects have gone beyond flexibility and leniency in order to resist the passing of time, so humanity itself must become an object in order to survive. This whole sense of an absurd existence is dress hat represented by the ivory itself. Ivory, the purest presentation of the people of colour white, stands in stark collocation to the darkness of the jungle.It draws the white men to Africa then maturates their minds from building commerce and civilization, to exploitation and madness. wherever ivory is present, white men plunder, kill, and turn on each other. Conrad uses symbolism to suggest meanings rather than spelling them out directly. The technicalities of his elbow room include a frequent use of alliteration, a reliance on adjectives which stress the unfamiliar aspects of Marlows experience. Words like ins crutable, inconceivable, unspeakable that describe the oppressive mysteriousness of the Congo are recurrent throughout the novel.The same vocabulary is used to evoke the human depths and the unspeakable potentialities of the mans soul and to magnify the sense of spiritual horrors (Leavis 246-7). The words and adjectives Conrad applies beat upon us, creating drum-like rhythms, entirely appropriate to the loggerheaded texture of the jungle (Karl 789). The darkness of the jungle goes hand in hand with darkness everywhere, alluding at the blackness of Conrads humor, the despair of his irony (Karl 789).It is the nightmares color the darkness surrounding Kurtzs death, his last words, the report by the managers boy, the delirious escape from the jungle, the encounter with Kurtzs fiancee all such incidents even out the elements of a nightmarish dream. Even the Russian follower of Kurtz who is dressed in pied seems as a figure from another world. In his ridiculous appearance, he is a perf ect symbol of Marlows Congo experience (Karl 788-9). In this passage, F. R.Leavis argues that Conrad makes almost every aspect of his novel contribute to its overpowering impression, one of a strangely round the bend world and a nightmarish existence ? in terms of things seen and incidents experienced by a main agent in the narrative, and particular contacts and exchanges with other human agents, the overwhelming sinister and fantastic ? atmosphere is engendered. universal greed, stupidity, and moral squalor are make to look like behaviour in a lunatic asylum against the vast and oppressive mystery of the surroundings, rendered potently in terms of sensation.This means lunacy, which we are made to feel as at the same time normal and insane, is brought out by contrast with the fantastically secure naturalness of the young harlequin-costumed Russian ? (246) Using his renowned artistic and literary craftsmanship, Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness that has become, since its publicat ion in 1899, one of the most widely read books written in English. It has also been one of the most analyzed scores of literary critics, ranging from feminists to Marxists to New Critics, have all tried to construct their own meanings from the pages of the book.The novel does seem to invite a wide variety of interpretations. Looking at it through the lenses of psychoanalytic theories, Heart of Darkness has proven to be a chef-doeuvre of concealment and a metaphor for the theory of the unconscious as a repository of all irrational and repressed wishes. (Karl 788). The journey into the heart of the continent can also be seen as Marlows own journey of individuation, self-discovery and self-enlightenment. Bibiography Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. A interoperable Reader in Contemporary literary Theory.London harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. 262-4 Conrad, Joseph. Heart Of Darkness. capital of Lebanon Librairie Du Liban Publishers SAL, 1994. Guerin, Wilfred L. , et al. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to books. quaternary ed. New York Oxford University Press, 1999. Hewitt, Douglas. Conrad A Reassessment. World literary productions Criticism. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1992. 789-92. Hughs, Richard E. The Lively Image Four Myths in Literature. Cambridge, MA Winthrop Publishers, 1975. Karl, Frederick R. A Readers Guide To Joseph Conrad. World Literature Criticism. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol.4. Detroit Gale, 1992. 785-9. Leavis, F. R. From The smashing Tradition. A Practical Reader in Contemporary Literary Theory. London Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. 246-7 Mudrick, Marvin. The Originality of Conrad. World Literature Criticism. Ed. PollyVedder. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1992. 782-5. Murfin, Ross C. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York St. Martins Press, 1989. Said, Edward W. market-gardening and Imperialism. New York Knopf, 1979. Wright, Elizabeth. Psychoanalytic Criticism. Enc yclopedia Of Literature And Criticism. 1991 ed. 765-7.