Does Globalization Unite or Separate Us?

Does Globalization unite or separate us? If we find out about the term â€Å"Globalization† in different dictionaries we can realize that there are too many meanings like â€Å"the increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries† or â€Å"when available good and services, or social and cultural influences, gradually become similar in all parts of the world†. So, does Globalization unite or separate us? There are two opposite positions, good and bad, of the effects of Globalization.But, I think, there is a third one: Globalization is good because enriches culture in many aspects, but we have to be careful about using the new communication technologies because we can lose the habit of talking face to face. With the meanings mentioned above, we can discern that Globalization is a phenomenon that involves the development of transportation and communication. Thanks to these advances emerged the worldwide production markets and we can access to a range of foreign products that previously we cannot consume.International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. As this example, there are too many aspects the Globalization affects to our life in a good way like information, job market, culture, competition, politic, finance, social, etc. However, answering the principal question, I think we have to focus on the social side. It was clearly exposed that the Globalization facilitates de relations between countries. But, what about personal relations?In the last years, we have seen an explosive growth of social networks (MSN, Facebook, Twitter, My Space, Skype, LinkedIn, etc. ) that are very easy to use and allow us to communicate with people around the world. To prove this, there are shocking numbers. In 2010, Facebook reached 500 million users and the number of monthly users in Skype was 124 million. With this numbers, I want to explain that the effects of Globalization are very useful to unite people from different parts of the world.On the other hand, we have people who live very close. The same social network phenomenon has a negative side. Many people are replacing face-to-face conversation with a relationship via chat. I think this situation is very harmful to the proper development of social skills that anyone should have, which could trigger a major social crisis in a medium-term future. Even today, a new study suggests that spend time surfing the Internet for many hours would be associated with depression.Also, there is another dangerous collateral effect: the sedentarism. Physical inactivity is one of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2030 secondary disease mortality will be 65% of total deaths. So, does Globalization unite or separate us? I think that the positive effects of Globalization make our life much easier. But, we have to pay attention to the other side. We must return to the customs of the old-school: talking face-to-face to share and solve our problems.If we do not correct the direction we could finish in a serious social problem that will be very difficult to fix. We are still on time for Globalization means only good news in this aspect. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Cambridge Dictionaries Online [ 2 ]. â€Å"Globalisation shakes the world†. BBC News. [ 3 ]. http://www. facebook. com/press/info. php? statistics [ 4 ]. http://blogs. skype. com/es/2010/08/ [ 5 ]. Sociedad Chilena de Pediatria, website, published 02/25/2011 [ 6 ]. World Health Organization – Data and Statistics

Ethical Speaking Analysis Essay

Ethical Speaking Analysis Paper Octavius L. Crowell COMM310 August 9, 2012 Dr. Dixon The most recent situation I have had involving speech ethics, had to be when I first started my job as front desk clerk at the Marriott hotel. All of my previous occupations were warehouse type meaning I had little to knew contact with customers, and I didn’t have to speak much. So when I started working at the Marriott as a front desk clerk , the main attribute of the job was speaking and interacting with guest. This was a major transformation from my previous jobs and required me to work on my speech ethics immediately. I started watching videos for proper speech ethics and it really helped me out a lot, I am still employed by Marriott four years later, and it has been the best job I have had so far. Not only have I gotten good at speaking and interacting with the guest I find myself enjoying it. It can be refreshing to have a conversation with an complete stranger you have just met. With my experience of speaking in front of strangers all day long at work, it helped me prepare for speaking in front of classmate at university of phoenix. I could tell a difference because neither was I shy or nervous to stand up in speak in my very first class I attended at university of phoenix, I figured that confidence came from the type of work I do at the hotel. I have received a good amount of awards from my job, like employee of the month and most outstanding customer representative. I am also in line for promotion to ecome the assistant front desk manager. Without the proper speech ethics this would not have been possible. Having the proper speech ethics can take a person a long way, it show professionalism, intelligence, and respectfulness in a human being. Not having the proper speech ethics can be the downfall in a person career, business, and maybe even life. Having a job as front desk clerk at a hotel really helped me evolve as a speaker and person. And attending the university of phoenix is going to take me to the next level.

Failure of McDonalds Company in Entering China Market Essay - 1

Failure of McDonalds Company in Entering China Market - Essay Example According to the research findings, a market is defined as the group of potential customers with similar needs who are willing to purchase goods and services towards the satisfaction of these needs. Potential entrants need to focus on the customers and come up with proper marketing mixes to a particular target market. The paper highlights recommendations that are available for proper entry and successful implementation of the company in the new market. McDonalds Corporation is a chain of fast food restaurants whose client base is 68 million customers across 119 states and over 35,000uotlets. The multi-national headed by Steve Easterbrook predominantly sells hamburgers, chicken, sandwiches, soft drinks, desserts breakfast items, salads, wraps, vegetarian items and other localized fares. Despite their seasonal deviations in certain states, the chain is subject to regional food taboos such as religious prohibition and is employed to avail products with which the regional market is more familiar such as beer in Germany, prawn in Ebi or burger in Singapore. The Corporation operates in 118 countries and serves around 168 million customers with an employment rate of 2million people. Among the states relates to Mexico, Germany, Europe, China and predominantly in the US where the company is the largest fast foods restaurant with a 96.5% market share. McDonald's has a 15% market share, and an approximate of 1750 stores in China as well as a command of 40 million worth of profits. It successful entry in other states such as Europe has led to operations in brands other than restaurants such as Piles Cafà ©. The company has expanded over the last 25 years to cover various states and currently holds 300 million worth of revenue and 30% of the US GDP.

Financial Time series including ARCH-Garch models Research Paper

Financial Time series including ARCH-Garch models - Research Paper Example 'Financial Time series including ARCH-Garch models' forms the basis of financial and macroeconomics where model builders use stochastic processes to test and construct equations of economic variables. Time varying volatility and non-stationarity has largely contributed to the understanding and applicability of financial time series. Economic variables are referred as non-stationary when there is no tendency of being linear or constant and assume stochastic trends. Empirical research is often conducted in macroeconomics to estimate variable relationships and test hypothesis of the theories of macroeconomics. Empirical financial models are formulated based on cointergration concept that forms the basis of the major breakthrough in macro and financial economics. The aspect of volatility is important to financial economics such as the stock exchange and capital markets. Indeed, financial managers and analyst have repeatedly used the time series volatility model to forecast volatility and make relevant decision concerning future and current investments in the financial markets. Financial time series plays a big role in modeling and forecasting the financial operations of such corporations for countermeasures and avoidance of future financial crisis. The dynamics of corporate returns and stock prices can be effectively managed through application of financial time series and forecasting. Fluctuations of returns and the speculative prices in the stock markets are presented and modeled by time series volatility, which helps in decision making in investment. ... The dynamics of corporate returns and stock prices can be effectively managed through application of financial time series and forecasting. Fluctuations of returns and the speculative prices in the stock markets are presented and modeled by time series volatility, which helps in decision making in investment. Time series models such as the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity are used by financial analyst to determine the relationship between returns and risks levels in investments. Volatility of the sequence of the returns in money markets, foreign exchange markets, and stock markets are best described by the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model in financial time series. Advance usage of the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model is also used in the futures markets and by profession and executives in the stock markets to enforce counteractive measures to stabilize the markets. China stock market is a good example of a market that has successfully used the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model to describe the market2 Arch Methodology This financial time series model is used to forecast random variables from information of past variable trends and linearity through specific universal assumptions on the conditional macroeconomic and financial economic variables. Forecast of variables depends on past information with regards to conditional and random variables assumption although conditional variance in conventional models does not depend on the random variables past information but on estimations and test. Econometric use of the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model focuses on the limitations of forecasting in resultant prediction of the future that varies from one period to

Argument Paper#2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument Paper#2 - Essay Example GM food products should be labeled because it is the right of the citizens to decide what they eat, because this will enable informed decision making and because this will increase the profitability of the smaller business owners. GM food should be labeled as food processed and produced through the method of genetic alteration because this would provide consumers to decide what they want to eat and what they want to avoid. If GM foods are not labeled, the consumers will feel that they are being forced to purchase goods and services that they do not want to consume. If GM foods continue to be sold in the markets without being labeled then it would clearly give an impression to the consumers that they are being coerced in to purchasing food items that they perceive to have a negative impact on their health. According to Runyon, the majority of the citizens are in favor of labeling GM foods as the author cites a panel review in which 11 votes were casted in the favor of labeling (Runyon, 2014). GM foods should be labeled because this would allow consumers to make informed choices. Consumers have become very concerned about what they consume due to increase in awareness of health issues. Many consumers are of the perception that GM foods can affect their health and wellbeing in a negative manner. Even several researches have proved that GM foods can impact the health of human beings in a negative manner. According to a research cited by Bronner in his article, herbicides that are highly toxic in nature are being sprayed in the fields where GM food crops are being produced and these toxic herbicides can have a major impact on the health of consumers (Bronner, 2014). GM foods should be labeled because labeling will allow promotion of production of food products in a healthier and organic manner and will even increase the profitability of small businesses. Those who oppose labeling believe that the cost of labeling would

International expansion proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International expansion proposal - Essay Example The company is wholly owned by publicly traded Limited Brands Company; operating 1,017 company-owned stores and 18 independently owned stores, with annual sales of $6 billion and an operating cost of $1 billion as of 2012. The company has hierarchic system of governance with Sharen, Jester Turney as the CEO and President of Victoria’s Secret Megabrand and Intimate Apparel while Lori Greely as the CEO of Victoria’s Secret stores. (Website:www.victoriassecret.com/victorias-secret-sport). Victoria’s Secret intends to diversify its market by opening new branches in China; the world’s most populous country with population of over 1.35 billion people, second largest country in the world by land area after Russia and a socialist country espousing communism (Meng, 2011). Economically, it is the second-largest economy in terms of nominal Growth Domestic Product [GDP] totalling approximately $8.227 trillion by 2013 as per International Monetary Fund [IMF]. Reasons f or expansion to China To tap into the growing market of the China’s women population 48.73%, and demographic distribution of 13.3% and 42.8% on 0-14 years and 15-59 years respectively. Tap into the industrialization advantage in China to reduce cost of production Maximize profitability with the competitive exchange rate To maintain the competitive standards of Victoria’s Secret and brand image as a global outfit To tap into China’s skilled and multi-talented fashion designers, workforce, view point and knowledge to ensure growth as a company To tap into China’s economic wellbeing and favourable trading environment Tap into China’s favourable climatic environment and Sporting culture of basketball, tennis, swimming and martial arts Internal Analysis Value Victoria’s Secrets has with time strengthened value on its products starting with lingerie to diversify to sporting attires, swimming costumes, bras, panties, sleeping gowns, clothing and sh oes. The launch of â€Å"PINK†, a new lingerie line targeting 15-22 years old with products such as underwear, sleepwear, loungewear, beauty products and accessories; will create value in the new Chinese market more so through their product lines such as Angels, Very Sexy and Body by Victoria, intended to transition buyers into more adult product lines. The competitive exchange rate of the dollar and the Chinese Yuan, gives the company a competitive advantage of price and cost leadership giving the company capability to mitigate threats in the market (Barney & Hersterly, 2010). Rarity The uniqueness of design and the PINK product line creates the competitive advantage in the Chinese market coupled with the new accessories and fragrance lines which will match with the economies age distribution. The company’s customer service experience coupled with loyalty cards promotions and effective marketing strategies such as their catalogue, sporadic arts in fashion publications and referrals/word of mouth will help conquer the new market. In addition the company has employed social media marketing with incorporation of sites such as Twitter, Facebook and Pinterest account; expanding its website to feature behind-the-scene contents of its catalogue, in the Victoria’s Secret Direct, which are the strategies we can apply in the new market to lure the youthful and techno-savvy population. Imitability Most of the products by the

Prosecuting Violators of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Essay

Prosecuting Violators of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law; and The Merits and Limitations of the International Criminal Court (ICC) - Essay Example The researcher states that although international jurists may not agree entirely with this argument, an actual discontent should go with an examination of theoretical perspectives which are believed to offer answers to these stubborn issues. Apparently, humanitarian and human rights law do not provide simple solutions as to how to deal with violations of the fundamental human rights of people in times of crisis. They embody judicious efforts to implement norms which ideally will become unanimously recognized and support the international community in its assessment of, and response, to these crimes. The international community has been triumphant in establishing an agreement on numerous norms in the areas of humanitarian and human rights law. There is at present a solid set of laws, even though it evidently does not cater to every crisis or include every region. This code of rules will be raised to change as the problems confronting the international community assume new forms. Certa inly, the implementation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court is a sign of the pace at which several sectors of international law are evolving. ... The primary purpose of the formation of an international criminal court was to change a tradition of immunity for the perpetration of severe crimes, which has thrived and remains in existence significantly, with a tradition of liability. The formation of an international criminal court is in several contexts the finale of a chain of international attempts in such path. Nevertheless, those attempts have usually been unsuccessful for different causes, and, at any rate, have been greatly discriminating. The Tokyo and Nuremberg Tribunals, after the Second World War, expressed genuine confidence for the tradition of liability, but the facts of the cold war aftermath immediately surfaced. The idea that individuals and states perpetrating the most serious violations of human rights law should be prosecuted disappeared, and a tradi tion of immunity resurfaced. The discourse about the competence of international committees should be situated in a more enduring point of view. The influence of newly formed institutions like the informal committees cannot justly be weighed against that of established organizations like the International Court of Justice (ICG) and the Security Council (SC).

Drugs and adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Drugs and adolescents - Essay Example The environment where the discussion occurs is calm, quiet and discrete enough to facilitate a fruitful and engaging interview. Drug abuse generally refers to the use of illegal drugs or misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs with negative consequences (Conner, Bradley, Gerhard, Terry, and Ernest, 178). Our interview however does not dwell on the aspect of drug abuse that pertains to poor dosage from medical prescription and prescriptive drugs, but instead focuses on this use of drugs for such purposes as pleasure and fun among adolescents. From the onset, the impression I get from my interviewee is that adolescents get entangled in drug abuse for varied reasons, as are their perceptions of the act. A section of adolescents considers drugs abuse safe, depending on how much you consume and how you can handle yourself during and after consumption, others do not see any harm in having a good time anywhere, anyhow and anytime, while others consider drug abuse injurious to one’s wellbeing and long-term health. Some of the most commonly abused drugs amongst adolescents are valium, cocaine, crystal meth, glue, vapors, heroin, marijuana, tobacco, ether, steroids and alcohol. Students who abuse these drugs often obtain them from friends, fellow students who abuse and /or peddle the drugs or from the streets. Drug abuse among the youth and adolescents is common in un-parented parties and raves, with rates of consumption highest in the evenings and the morning after to lift off the hangovers (Conner, Bradley, Gerhard, Terry, and Ernest, 180). Some adolescents try drugs out of sheer curiosity. â€Å"These are the ones who have for instance, heard stories of fabulous experiences that are often associated with drug abuse from friends and acquaintances and so they crave to get a feel of it,† he adds. Others are not so much influenced by curiosity but by their peers who urge them to take a sip which after all will not kill. Eventually, the initiates are

There is a real danger of a house price bubble in London. Discuss Essay - 7

There is a real danger of a house price bubble in London. Discuss - Essay Example ntly the property prices in London have gone up way too high; too high for investors to believe that there is a very high danger of a housing price bubble within London. This essay seeks to present a case for the high level of risk associated with housing prices in London, and it does so by backing up the case with substantial evidence. The property bubble in London is real, and investors need to exercise caution if they want to come out safe from this scenario. Looking at media reports makes one thing very clear – the property prices in London have touched their four year low by the end of 2014. This can be linked to the very basic principle of demand and supply like mentioned above. According to a survey of property agents and surveyors dealing in London based property, there a wide consensus amongst market makers that property value in London is likely to follow its downward trajectory as demand for housing falls has gone down, coupled with new projects being announced by builders, thus resulting in a very low volume of transactions (Edwards, 2014). The high probability of a housing price bubble in London also emanates from the fact that many property holders in London have all of a sudden found their property values going up multi folds. This has made them put their property out in the market for sale and realize profits, as they move to live in county areas. Also, there is a wide believe amongst these investors that the current prices in London are far too high, and the market can crash anytime and therefore it is best to realize profits rather than being a part of the loss themselves as the market witnesses a correction (Bracke, 2014). Besides the information mentioned above, a few other facts also prove the existence of a property bubble in London. The house price to earnings ratio computed by the famous mortgage lender, Halifax, shows how many times or what multiple of house prices are made up income of buyers. It is rather shocking to note that the

Why Purse a Master’s Degree Essay Example for Free

Why Purse a Master’s Degree Essay Due to the competitive marketing many are pursuing a higher education beyond their bachelor’s degree. My decision to purse a master’s degree has always been a personal goal, but with the change in the market I realized my bachelor’s degree would no longer be sufficient or marketable in a couple of years. Many would say that obtaining a master’s degree is only as valuable as how your current or future employer measures advanced education. There are many rewarding benefits of pursing a master’s whether for a personal goal, career change, or salary increase these are all convincing motives. This paper will explore the various motivations that resulted in my decision to purse a master’s degree. Initially a master’s degree will give me the added credentials needed to pursue a promotion or career change that I would not have been considered for with my current education level. The norm was that a company required you to have a bachelor’s degree to be considered as a candidate in the corporate world. This is no longer the case as employers are demanding candidates attain the life experience in conjunction with a master’s degree. Stronger economy and more company demands for management degrees have positively shifted the local and international market for candidates whom hold a MBA (Rebecca Kaplan (2008). â€Å"Demand for MBA on the Rise). This evidence confirms having a master’s degree significantly increases my marketability. Since only a small percentage of people in the United States have a master’s degree, holding one can put me ahead of the pack when competing for a job (â€Å"Jane Porter, (2006). â€Å"Forecast: MBA Hiring Up Again). Employers are leaning toward hiring more MBA candidates because they are looking for people with managerial and team experience (â€Å"Jane Porter, (2006). â€Å"Forecast: MBA Hiring Up Again). These facts indicates that companies value a higher education and are willing to provide more opportunities, greater compensation packages and greater chances for promotion. In 2007 Radford proclaimed an advanced degree will provide hopeful with a better professional network and insights into the working practitioners. Holding a master’s degree will also expand my knowledge in a specialized area and improve performance in many areas of my work and personal life. Following this path will allow me to utilize my bachelor’s degree foundation to gain a greater understanding and appreciation for my field of study. As a person high in conscientiousness, people may perceive me to contribute to a higher level of job performance. This personality trait is a strong focus behind my plans for a master’s degree. If I am going to be portrayed as person whom exerts greater levels of effort on the job, then I should have the knowledge and the degree to back my training and experience. Based on Jungian’s Personality Assessment, I am well suited for a management position. I am viewed as a person well organized who is open to learn new skills and updating current skills, which is a key area of interest for employers. A Master of Business Administration translates into salary increase, as with most fields. PayScale. com calculated the median salary by years of experience for a Bachelor of Business Administration and Master’s of Business Administration in the United States As noted in the below tables master’s degree holders makes an estimated 20k more in salary then a bachelor degree holder with the same years of experience. Median Salary by Years Experience Degree: Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) (United States) Median Salary by Years Experience Degree: Master of Business Administration (MBA) (United States) An earnings increase is only part of the benefits. A college education enriches your life in ways that cannot be measured by dollars. Education is power, Frederick Douglass. Personally, earning a master has always been a goal. I first considered earning my master’s degree recently after I received my bachelor’s, but felt I need to take a brain break and experience the corporate world. After gaining eight years of work experiences I felt it was time to give it a try. Learning of my employee’s tuition reimbursement policy for the master’s program I soon realized it was a win-win for me and the company. If the company is willing to invest in my education, I believe the company is quietly endorsing that a master’s degree is valued and expected for high-level professional. Consequently, the benefits I will receive from this degree will give me self-assurance to know that I have the collective resources of knowledge, effective decision-making and skill sets needed to be successful in my personal and professional life, (Gary Radford, (2005). Having a master’s will give me a sense of future employment security and will allow me to gain qualifications that I may have missed in my earlier education. The school of choice also heavily weighed on my decision. I debate for several months whether online or classroom format would be suitable for me. After speaking with the University of Phoenix enrollment counselor I was excited about the learning environment. I understood that taking courses online allowed the flexibility I needed to sustain a work-life balance. There was also the fact that I would be communicating with different individual who I could openly share experiences and gain valuable knowledge that can not always be taught from a book or a classroom setting. A master’s degree is a good investment the evidence is clear. Yes, it will take time, dedication, and money to complete my degree, but the return on my investment is all worth the effort. In addition, the increased sense of achievement, career opportunities, new circles of friends and networks along with the new ranges of skills I will gain are some of the major reasons that confirmed my decision. Whether personal or practical, a master’s degree can be both life affirming and career enhancing. As stated by Dr Bruce Lewis, an education beyond a bachelor’s will put you in a better position to help your family, your community and give you the kind of life you dream of having. The more education you pursue, the better career options you will have. Ask yourself the following questions: 1) Do I want more career marketability? 2) Do I want to earn a higher income? 3) Do I want to increase myself assurance and workplace confidence? 4) Do I want to enhance my current skilled set? If you answered ‘yes’ to any of the above of, then you too need to purse your master’s degree. Reference: Kaplan, Rebecca. (2008). Demand for MBA on the Rise. Receive May 7 from www. thedailypennsylvanian. com Lewis, Bruce. (2002). Received May 9, 2008, from http://teach. fhu. edu Porter, Jane. (2006). Forecast: MBA Hiring Up Again. Received May 8, 2008 from BusinessWeek. com O. P John, â€Å"The ‘Big Five’ Factor Taxonomy: Dimensions of Personality in the Natural Language and in Questionnaires,† in L. A. Pervin (ed. ). Handbook of Personality Theory and Research(New York: Guilford Press, 1990) pp. 66-110; and D. L. Formy-Duval, J. E Williams, D. J. Patterson, and E. E Fogle, â€Å"A ‘Big Five’ Scoring System for the Item Pool of the Adjective Check List,† Journal Of Personality Assessment, Vol. 65. 1995, pp. 59-76. Radford, Gary. (2007). Received May 7, 2007 from www. fdu. edu Median Salary by Years Experience Degree: Master of Business Administration (MBA) (United States) table. Retrieved May 7, 2008, from PayScale. com.

Social Construction of Victims | Victiminology Theories

Social Construction of Victims | Victiminology Theories â€Å"Some victims are more deserving of the label ‘victim’ than others. Critically analyse this statement in light of your knowledge of theories in this area.† The word ‘victim’ can be associated with a person who has experienced some form of misfortune or suffering, however, when the word ‘victim’ is thought of in a policing perspective it is typically â€Å"used to refer to the complainant of a crime† (Wakefield, 2008:315). This essay aims to critically analyse the statement; ‘some victims are more deserving of the label ‘victim’ than others’, using different theories in relation to this. The essay will firstly; analyse two theories in relation to victimisation, secondly; it explore Nils Christie’s approach to the ‘ideal victim’ and lastly; the media’s role in representing the ‘ideal victim’ will be portrayed through the comparison of news coverage on the Madeline McCann case and the Shannon Matthews case. Historically criminology and criminal justice have been solely focused on the understanding of criminal offending, however, since the 1960’s â€Å"a variety of paradigm shifts, scientific advances, and social and political forces †¦ provided a foundation from which theories of victimisation emerged†, also known as the study of Victimology (Wilcox, 2010:978). This shift occurred when scholars decided to investigate ‘crime’ as more than just the behaviour and conduct of a criminal, instead it was viewed as a ‘system’ which involved a victim, time and place as well as the offender (Wilcox, 2010:978). It was in the 1960’s when a more socio-political movement anticipated for greater attention to be brought to victims of crime and their rights in the criminal justice system. With both scientific and socio-political movements it created an ideal opportunity for the development of different theoretical outlooks on victimisation. Collectivel y, these perspectives focused on many casual influences from lifestyles to broad-based social inequality (Wilcox, 2010:978). A major theory which emphasis’s these different influences is the radical theory of Victomology. The theory of radical Victimology, which emerged in the 1960’s and 1970’s, can be linked to the work of Benjamin Mendelsohn (Friday, 2000:62) and can be thought to be an offspring of Radical Criminology and Sociology. Mendelsohn’s argument for a vicitimology which looks at human rights and allows and investigation into the role of the state in determining who is a ‘legitimate’ victim and how the criminal justice system is concerned in the making of criminals and victims, is what is thought to be the origins for radical Victimology. As a consequence of this argument, â€Å"radical victimology acknowledges, in particular, those victims who have been rendered invisible† (Marsh, 2004:110). These victims, according to Quinny (1972), are best described as â€Å"victims of police force, the victims of war, the victims of the correctional system, the victims of state violence, and the victims of oppression of any sort† (Marsh, 2004:110). Accord ing to Marsh, it can be said that the idea of a ‘conventional’ radical victimology is what has been an aid for representing the problems faced by the poor and powerless which is a result of a limited structural foundation of victimisation (2004:110). Similarly to radical victimology, there are critical theorists who also address the idea of whether people â€Å"are aware of their social reality† and if it is safe to think that â€Å"the state is neutral in its response to crime and victimisation† (Marsh, 2004:111). The similarity of radical victimology and critical victimology is that they both attempt to theorise about the social issues within victimology. One version of this theory of victimology can be demonstrated through the importance of labelling, and as Meirs (1990) suggests that people may â€Å"claim the label, but the key questions for a critical victimology are, who has the power to apply the label and what considerations are significant in that determination† (Davies, 2004:38). In this version, Meirs uses the hypothetical outlook of â€Å"symbolic interactionism† (Davies, 2004:38) to enlighten his practice of the word ‘critical’. In general, critical victimology looks at the problems contained in the relationship between the state and its citizens; â€Å"it does not see the state as neutral rather the states mechanisms contribute to those victims we see and those we don’t see† (Marsh, 2004:112). Therefore it is not neutral, instead self-moti vated and self-interested and according to critical victimology this would raise problems when it comes to gender, race and class and how these are expressed in policy terms. Therefore, it can be said that critical victimology is a theoretical perspective which inspects the wider social context of modern societies which focuses on â€Å"the ways in which capitalism and patriarchy influence the ways in which victims are perceived and responded to† (Marsh, 2004:112). Both these theories explore the different reasons why some people may become a victim to certain crimes. In an ideal world any person who falls victim to a crime should be seen and treated as equal victims, whether they have been hurt psychologically, physically, financially or socially, but there has been the ever standing debate of what makes an ‘ideal’ victim and Nils Christie was the first criminologist to explore this idea. In 1986, criminologist Nils Christie created the concept of the ‘ideal victim’. According to Christie, the ideal victim encompasses at least six main characteristics; the victim is weak, they were involved in a respectable activity at the time of incident, the victim was in a place at the time of the incident where they could not be blamed for being, the victim did not know their perpetrator, the offender is seen as ‘big and bad’ or can be described with very negative connotations and lastly the victim has enough impact to claim the status of a victim (Lindgren, 2011:21-22). Christie uses the situation of an elderly lady being mugged by a male drug abuser while on route to see her sick sibling as the perfect example of who an ideal victim is, but the ideal victim also has an opposite according to Christie. His example of this would entail something along the lines of a young male who is drunk and in a dingy pub and is robbed by those he is associating with, Christie believes in this situation there is the prospect to claim moral accountability: â€Å"he should not have gone to such a bar, he should not have gotten drunk, he should not have associated with those types etc† (Lindgren, 2011:22). Regardless of evidence of any physical, psychological or economical harms, if an individual is not classified as a ‘victim’ then that individual risks little or no protection evidently because they are not comprised of the ‘standard’ vision of a victim of crime. Therefore raising the argument for; is there people more deserving of the label ‘victim’ than others, and what is the decision of being more deserving influenced by? The phenomenon of the ‘ideal victim’ arises questions like why some people – normally those from a socially deprived background or from ethnic minorities – appear to be less deserving of the label victim even although they clearly satisfy each category of Christie’s theory. It can be argued that the media are at large to blame for depriving so many individuals of the label ‘victim’ because not all victims of crime receive equal attention in the news or media. It has been said that â€Å"there exists a ‘hierarchy of victimization’, both reflected and reinforced in media and official discourses† (Greer, 2007:22). On one side there are individuals who have obtained the status of being an ‘ideal victim’ and will attract huge levels of media attention, creating a shared global-scale grieving, and generating possible changes in criminal justice policies and practices (Greer, 2004; Valier, 2004, Cited by: Greer, 2007:22). On the other side of the hierarchy there are the individuals who fail to obtain a victim status or are seen as an ‘undeserving victim’ which would result in that individual receiving â€Å"little, if any, media attention, and pass virtually unnoticed in the wider social world† (Greer, 2007:22). Comparisons of the news and media coverage from the disappearances of Madeline McCann and Shannon Matthews can help to illustrate the media’s role in representing the ‘ideal victim’. In May 2007 three year old Madeline McCann was reported missing while on a family holiday in Portugal. Her parents left her and her two siblings in their apartment while they went for dinner and when they returned Madeline was missing from her bed, and unfortunately it is still unknown what happened to her today. Madeline’s disappearance sparked international attention from the media and was described by the Daily Telegraph as â€Å"the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history† (Telegraph.co.uk). Then nine months after Madeline’s disappearance in February 2008 nine year old Shannon Matthews was reported missing by her mother. Shannon was found safe on the 14th of March and her mother was later charged â€Å"with child neglect and perverting the court of justice over her daughter’s disappearance† (BBC.co.uk) as she had set the whole thing up in order to receive money. Even although the Matthews case was a set-up there was still 24 days of Shannon being ‘missing’ and the news coverage and interest on her story was majorly lesser than that of Madeline McCann’s. According to an Independent news article after nine days there were 465 UK press stories released on Madeline McCann in comparison with only 242 on Shannon Matthews (Independent.co.uk). Also their Wikipedia profiles were both very different, Madeline McCann’s profile reached 2,182 words after only nine days yet Shannon Matthews profile only managed to reach 151 words after the same amount of time (Independent.co.uk). According to the same Independent news article the rewards offered for the two girls were significantly different; the reward for Madeline McCann reached a massive  £2.6 million whereas the reward for Shannon Matthews was only  £25,000 (Independent.co.uk). Therefore the differences in the number of press stories, Wikipedia profiles and reward figures, sparks the question of how do we understand the mediaâ€℠¢s discrimination between the two stories? The answer to this question lies within the origins of legitimate and ‘deserving victims’. Madeline McCann was a classic version of an ‘ideal victim’. She was a young, pretty, and photogenic girl from a stable, middle-class family with two Doctors as parents who lived in a detached house in Leicestershire (Independent.co.uk). On the other hand, Shannon Matthews came from a working class family living in a council house in Dewsbury Moor. Her father hadn’t seen her for years while she lived with her mother, step-father and six other siblings – of which were from her mother’s relationships with five different partners (Independent.co.uk). While the public’s hearts where captured by the story of Madeline McCann, Shannon Matthews did not attract the same type of attention. Public donations for Shannon Matthews only managed to reach thousands at most (Independent.co.uk) yet public donations for Madeline McCann excelled to  £1.1 millio n and some of these donations were made by A-list celebrities such as; David Beckham, Christiano Ronaldo, John Terry, J K Rowling and more (Independent.co.uk). Madeline McCann personified the concept of an ‘ideal victim’ whereas it was Shannon’s background which denied her the ‘deserving’ victim label. The acknowledgement of â€Å"ideal or legitimate victim status and related levels of media interest are clearly influenced by demographic characteristics (Greer, 2007:23). The media’s role in representing the cases of these two missing girls show that ‘class’ can be a major factor in portraying who becomes deserving of the label ‘victim’. Not only the factor of ‘class’ but other demographic characteristics such as age, sexuality, race and gender can sometimes determine the media’s interest in a somewhat direct style. Still, the idea remains that the majority of criminal victimisation both emphasises and imitates social inequalities and divisions, and whilst doing this â€Å"feeds into the wider structures of power, dominance and subjugation from which they derive† (Greer, 2007:42). It can be said that in the media representation of ‘victims’ of a missing persons case, or crimes similar to this, that these inequalities remain to have the greatest impact. This impact is shown through the portrayal of such victims who appear to show prospects of newsworthiness. However, the impact ca n equally be detected from the consideration of those who do not show horizons of newsworthiness. To conclude, this essay has explored the question of whether certain victims are more ‘deserving’ of the label than others, and used different theories and concepts to analyse this. Firstly the essay looked at two theories of victimology; radical and critical, and showed how different types of people may be more victimised than others – largely through social structures of the power of the state. From these theories the question arose of what an ‘ideal’ victim may constitute and this concept was explored through criminologist Nils Christie, which in his perspective the ideal victim would be a vulnerable person (youth or elderly) carrying out an innocent task (going to visit a family member or friend) and being robbed or attacked by a person out of their control (strong and perhaps a drug/alcohol abuser). Then from this concept came the issue of; is there are certain people more deserving of the label victim, and what is this decision based upon? This essay used the idea that the media plays a large role in portraying who the ideal victim is and who is not. This portrayal was used through the news coverage and stories of the disappearance of two young girls, Madeline McCann in 2007 and Shannon Matthews eight months later in 2008. Madeline McCann was a young pretty girl from a middle class background, whereas Shannon Matthews was from a working class background living in a council house with brothers and sisters who had different fathers. The news coverage of Madeline McCann was much greater than Shannon Matthews, to the point where everyone around the world knew who Madeline McCann was on a first name basis, whereas Shannon Matthews struggled to even be known by the whole of the U.K. Therefore the media portrayed Madeline McCann to be a more deserving victim than Shannon Matthews based upon their looks, backgrounds and ‘newsworthiness’ and evidence of this can be shown through the differences in; public donations, re wards, Wikipedia profiles and how many news articles where printed about each girl after nine days of each of their disappearances. Bibliography BBC. 2010.Shannon Matthews Timeline. [ONLINE] Available at:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7733586.stm. [Accessed 09 March 15]. Pamela Davies 2004.  Victimisation: Theory, Research and Policy. Edition. Palgrave Macmillan Paul C. Friday, 2000.  Victimology at the Transition From the 20th to the 21st Century. Montreal, Canada: World Society of Victimology. Chris Greer, 2007. News Media, Victims and Crime. Chapter 2, Pages 20-49 Michael J Hindelang, 2009. Toward a theory of personal criminal victimology.Victims and Victimisation, Pages 26-40. Independent. 2008. Missing: The contrasting searches for Shannon and Madeleine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/missing-the-contrasting-searches-for-shannon-and-madeleine-790207.html. [Accessed 06 March 15] Magnus Lindgren, Vesna NikoliĆ¡-RistanoviĆ¡, 2011.  Crime Victims International and Serbian Perspective. 1st ed. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission to Serbia, Law Enforcement Department Ian Marsh, 2004.  Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. 1 Edition. Routledge. The Telegraph. 2008.  Master of media circus for Madeleine McCann. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1902515/Master-of-media-circus-for-Madeleine-McCann.html. [Accessed 01 March 15]. Alison Wakefield, Jenny Fleming, 2008.  The SAGE Dictionary of Policing. Edition. SAGE Publications Ltd Pamela Wilcox, 2010. Victimisation, theories of. Encyclopaedia of victimology and crime prevention. Pages 978-986. Sage Publications. Brian Williams, 2009.  Victims and Victimisation: A Reader (Readings in Criminology and Criminal Justice). 1 Edition. Open University Press. 2015.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~skenney/courses/4099/VCLASS1.2.pdf. [Accessed 13 March 2015] Kidneys: Function and Structure Kidneys: Function and Structure The kidneys are essential for regulating the volume and composition of bodily fluids. This page outlines key regulatory systems involving the kidneys for controlling volume, sodium and potassium concentrations, and the pH of bodily fluids. A most critical concept for you to understand is how water and sodium regulation are integrated to defend the body against all possible disturbances in the volume and osmolarity of bodily fluids. Simple examples of such disturbances include dehydration, blood loss, salt ingestion, and plain water ingestion. How water balance is regulated by ADH Water balance is achieved in the body by ensuring that the amount of water consumed in food and drink (and generated by metabolism) equals the amount of water excreted. The consumption side is regulated by behavioural mechanisms, including thirst and salt cravings. While almost a litre of water per day is lost through the skin, lungs, and feces, the kidneys are the major site of regulated excretion of water. One way the kidneys can directly control the volume of bodily fluids is by the amount of water excreted in the urine. Either the kidneys can conserve water by producing urine that is concentrated relative to plasma, or they can rid the body of excess water by producing urine that is dilute relative to plasma. Direct control of water excretion in the kidneys is exercised by vasopressin, or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), a peptide hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. ADH causes the insertion of water channels into the membranes of cells lining the collecting ducts, allowing water reabsorption to occur. Without ADH, little water is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts and dilute urine is excreted. How the kidney uses a counter current mechanism Because the human body does not maintain a constant water volume, the kidneys have to compensate for the lack of or excess of water consumed. The kidneys use a transport system called the counter-current mechanism to accomplish this (Hoppensteadt et al, 186). The name is based on the fact that concentration first increases in the direction of flow, then decreases as flow continues through the ascending parallel loop. The mechanism relies on the adjacent, parallel loops of Henle and vasa recta. In the ascending loop, Na+ or any solute is actively pumped out of the tubule. Because water is impermeable in the ascending loop, the volume at the bottom of the loop is the same as that entering the distal tubule. At the bottom of the loop, the tubular and interstitial concentrations are equal. In the descending loop, the concentrations inside and outside the tubule are increasing with the current, with the maximum concentration being reached at the bottom of the loop. The increased concentration is the result of the passive diffusion of Na+ into the tubule and water out of the tubule. When the filtrate reaches the distal tubule, a net loss of Na+ and water has occurred through the loops of Henle. How the PH is controlled by the kidney The secretion of further substances not required by the body may take place in the distal convoluted tubule, e.g. hydrogen and hydro carbonate ions. This is very important in the control of plasma Ph, which must be maintained at 7.4. If the pH plasma falls, hydrogen ions are excreted by the kidney; if the plasma pH raises hydrogen carbonate ions secreted. Active Transport Active transport is the energy-demanding transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, i.e., from lower concentration to higher concentration. Special proteins within the cell membrane act as specific protein carriers. The energy for active transport comes from ATP generated by respiration (in mitochondria). Major examples of Active Transport such as: Re-absorption of glucose, Amino acids Salts by the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney. A mechanism of active transport which move potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell along with protein (or enzyme) channel. It is found in all human cells, but is especially important in nerve and muscle cells. The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport, with energy supplied by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules, to move 3 sodium ions to the outside of the cell for each 2 potassium ions that it moves in. One third of the bodys energy expenditure is used in this process. Buffer system The kidneys and the lungs work together to help maintain a blood pH of 7.4 by affecting the components of the buffers in the blood. Therefore, to understand how these organs help control the pH of the blood, we must first discuss how buffers work in solution. Acid-base buffers confer resistance to a change in the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions (protons) or hydroxide ions are added or removed. An acid-base buffer typically consists of a weak acid, and its base (salt). Buffers work because the concentrations of the weak acid and its salt are large compared to the amount of protons or hydroxide ions added or removed. When protons are added to the solution from an external source, some of the base component of the buffer is converted to the weak-acid component (therefore, using up most of the protons added); when hydroxide ions are added to the solution (or, equivalently, protons are removed from the solution; protons are dissociated from some of the weak-acid molecules of the buffer, converting them to the base of the buffer (and therefore replenishing most of the protons removed). However, the change in acid and base concentrations is small relative to the amounts of these species present in solution. Hence, the ratio of acid to base changes only slightly. Thus, the effect on the pH of the solution is small, within certain limitations on the amount of H+ or OH- added or removed. Other buffers perform a more minor role than the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer in regulating the pH of the blood. The phosphate buffer consists of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) in equilibrium with dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2PO4-) and H+. The pK for the phosphate buffer is 6.8, which allows this buffer to function within its optimal buffering range at physiological pH. The phosphate buffer only plays a minor role in the blood, however, because H3PO4 and H2PO4- are found in very low concentration in the blood. Haemoglobin also acts as a pH buffer in the blood. Protein can reversibly bind either H+ (to the protein) or O2, but that when one of these substances is bound, the other is released (as explained by the Bohr effect). During exercise, haemoglobin helps to control the pH of the blood by binding some of the excess protons that are generated in the muscles. At the same time, molecular oxygen is released for use by the muscles. The symptoms of kidney failure: There are two types of kidney failure; one of them is acute renal failure and the other type is: Chronic renal failure. Acute renal failure. Blood loss, causing a drop in blood pressure. Vomiting and diarrhea, causing dehydration. Crush injuries. If large amounts of muscle are damaged there is a release of toxic protein substances that are harmful to the kidneys. Sudden blockage of urine drainage. Chronic renal failure The damage to the kidneys is usually silent and not noticed at an early stage. It may be discovered incidentally from blood or urine tests done for other reasons. High blood pressure very commonly occurs with it. Symptoms are uncommon unless kidney failure is far advanced, when any of the following may be present: The symptoms of Chronic renal failure Tiredness Itching Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Breathlessness Fluid retention, shown as ankle swelling Weakness. The importance to the body to maintain acid base levels All the cells that make up the human body are slightly alkaline and the alkalinity must be maintained in order to function and remain healthy. However, their cellular activity creates acid and this acid is what gives the cell energy and function. As each alkaline cell performs its task of respiration, it secrets metabolic wastes and these end products of cellular metabolism are acid in nature. Although these wastes are used for energy and function, they must not be allowed to build up. An example of this would be the lactic acid which is created through exercise. The body will go to great lengths to neutralise and detoxify these acids before they act as poisons in and around the cell, ultimately changing the environment of the cell. The human body is very intelligent; as the human body become more acidic the body starts to set up defence mechanisms to keep the damaging acid from entering our organs. Its known as that the acid gets stored in the fat cells. However, if the acid does come to contact with an organ the acid has a chance to eat holes in the tissue which may cause the cell to mutate (change in a chromosome or a gene). The oxygen level drops in this acidic environment and calcium begins to be depleted. So as a defense mechanism, our body may actually make fat to protect us from our overly-acidic self. Those fat cells and cellulite deposits may actually be packing up the acid and trying to keep it a safe distance from our organs to safe them from damage. The effect of exercise on body fluid requirements Optimal pH of the blood is 7.2, the body will do everything it can to maintain that pH. This is necessary to run the entire bodys biochemical pathways for detoxification, building, and general maintenance. The body has several control mechanisms to keep it at this pH and they include getting rid of excess acid or base by-products through the lungs, saliva and urine. When the body is sick in any way this pH is disrupted. Most times your body is trying to keep up with the extra acid produced. Acids are produced from lack of oxygen, eating an imbalance of protein and carbohydrates and other acid producing foods, and by cell breakdown and production of metabolic waste. During exercise, the muscles use up oxygen as they convert chemical energy in glucose to mechanical energy. This O2 comes from hemoglobin in the blood. CO2 and H+ are produced during the breakdown of glucose, and are removed from the muscle via the blood. The production and removal of CO2 and H+, together with the use and transport of O2, cause chemical changes in the blood. These chemical changes, unless offset by other physiological functions, cause the pH of the blood to drop. If the pH of the body gets too low (below7.4) this result in a condition known as acidosis. This can be very serious, because many of the chemical reactions that occur in the body, especially those involving proteins, are pH-dependent. Ideally, the pH of the blood should be maintained at 7.4. If the pH drops below 6.8 or rises above 7.8, death may occur. Fortunately, we have buffers in the blood to protect against large changes in pH. Production of CO2 is a result of normal body metabolism. Exercise will increase the production of CO2 through increased respiration in the lungs. When oxygen (O2) is inhaled and CO2 is exhaled, the blood transports these gases to the lungs and body tissues. The bodys metabolism produces acids that are buffered and then excreted by the lungs and kidneys to maintain body fluids at a neutral pH. Disruptions in CO2 levels and HCO3 -create acid-base imbalances. When acid-base imbalances occur, the disturbances can be broadly divided into either acidosis (excess acid) or alkalosis (excess base/alkali). Urine becomes increasingly acidic as the amount of excess acid retained by the body increases. Alkaline urine, usually containing bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, is normally excreted when there is an excess of base or alkali in the body. Secretion of acid or alkaline urine by the kidneys is one of the most important mechanisms the body uses to maintain a constant body pH. As we exercise the urine pH becomes more acidic because the condition which known as acidosis have occurred and this results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as starvation and dehydration. As we exercise the temperature increases, and the amount of O2 released from the haemoglobin. Heat is a bi product of the metabolic reactions of all cells and the heat released by contracting muscle fibers tends to raise body temperature. Metabolically active cells require more O2 and liberate more acids and heat. If we have an increase in temperature, it causes the rate of respiration to increase too. Because O2 tends to be released from the haemoglobin compared to when the weather is cold. This explains why during fever, a person will breathe faster than normal person. In contrast, during hypothermia (lowered body temperature) cellular metabolism slows and the need for O2 is reduced, and more O2 remains bound to haemoglobin. Body Adjustment to improve fitness levels Exercises help our body to adjust and improve its capacity for physical activities. In order to increase our overall fitness level we have to concentrate on three different areas: Cardiovascular training Strength training Flexibility training Cardiovascular training Cardiovascular training is aerobic exercise that involves the large muscles like legs and helps make the heart and lungs stronger. Cardiovascular exercise has lots of health benefits like lowering the blood pressure, and also it can burn lots of calories. This type of exercise leads to improvements in the hearts ability to pump blood through the body to the working muscles and improves overall cardiovascular health. It is also linked to a number of health improvements including a decreased risk of many diseases, decreases in total cholesterol, blood pressure and levels of body fat. Strength training In order to improve our strength, a change is needed to be made, otherwise if we simply lift the same weights, the same way, then we will stay the same our training is maintenance based. If we want to improve our strength training, then we will need to apply a number of different variations into our workout routines to avoid letting the body become adapted to the current strength training workouts. A muscle will only strengthen when forced to operate beyond its customary intensity (overload). Overload can be progressed by increasing the: (1) Resistance e.g. adding more weight. (2) Number of repetitions with a particular weight. (3) Number of sets of the exercise. (4) Intensity, i.e. reducing the recovery periods Flexibility training Flexibility is a joints ability to move through a full range of motion. Flexibility training, also called flexibility stretching that helps balance muscle groups that might be overused during exercise or physical activity. There are many benefits to flexibility training. Some of the benefits are: Improved Physical Performance. Decreased Risk of Injury. Increased Blood and Nutrients to Tissues. Stretching increases tissue temperature, which increases circulation and nutrient transport. Increased circulation and nutrient transport allows greater elasticity of surrounding tissues and increases performance. Maintaining Fluid Balances Fluid balance defines the state where a bodys required amount of water is present and proportioned normally among the various compartments; this state is inseparable from electrolyte balance. Under normal conditions water loss equals water gain and a bodys water volume remains constant. Avenues for water loss include the kidneys, skin, lungs, feces, and menstruation. Water is sourced mostly from dietary intake; this is called preformed water. Water is not produced by the body to maintain homeostasis; metabolic water production is simply a by-product of cellular respiration. The body regulates water intake via the thirst reflex which stimulates us to drink. When water loss is greater than water gain the body reaches a state of dehydration, and dehydration stimulates the thirst reflex in three ways: The level of saliva drops resulting in a dry mucosa in the mouth and pharynx; There is an increase in blood osmotic pressure which stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus; There is a drop in blood volume, which leads to the renin/angiotensin pathway stimulating the thirst centre in the hypothalamus. When the blood looses excessive fluid dehydration occurs and the blood becomes more viscous (reduce ability to flow). This results in insufficient blood supply to the working muscles. After exercise, a drop in body fluid results in an increase in blood tonicity and a decrease in blood volume which in turn causes the release of renin in the kidneys and stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.Therefore after exercise, the exerciser must focus on the following areas: Effect of drinks Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses to fluid ingestion Carbohydrates feeding and exercise performance Sports drinks must be formulated to taste best when people are hot and sweaty so that they can drink as much as they possibly can. The sports drinks are absorbed faster than plain water during exercise and rest. During exercise fluid consumption is vital for two primary purposes safe guarding health and optimizing performance Therefore, we need to consume more carbohydrate which helps maintaining blood glucose and increases carbohydrate oxidation, assure skeletal muscle and CNS sufficient supply of energy. Sources Used http://www.enotes.com/nursing-encyclopedia/acid-base-balance http://www.shodor.org/Master/biomed/physio/dialysis/kidfunc.htm http://www.8candlesonline.com/purify/what_is/alkalinity.html http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb135e/kidneyfluid.html http://www.ann.com.au/MedSci/fluid.htm Books Essential AS Biology by( Glenn and Susan Toole) AS Biology by (Pete Kennedy and Frank Sochacki)

Drilling Alaska: America Needs to Adopt Conservation Practices! Essay

Drilling Alaska I recently read an article in Scientific American (May 2001) titled â€Å"the arctic oil & wildlife refuge.† The article addresses the issue of whether or not science has the ability to clarify the potential economic benefits and the ecological risks of drilling into the nation’s last great coastal wilderness preserve. What I began to wonder after reading the article is, if we humans should continue our scientific and technological petroleum endeavors even though we are causing irreversible harm to our earth. My feeling is that we should not drill in Alaska’s Arctic. In the early twentieth century, science and technology brought the automobile. In less than one hundred years, humans especially Americans have grown increasingly dependant on the conveniences born from widespread use of the automobile. In turn Americans are the most reliant population in the world on petroleum. Last year, Americans consumed 19.5 million barrels per day. It is estimated that our use will rise to 23 million by 2010 (Gibbs 2001)! Our insatiable appetite for petroleum has sparked a fiery debate within this country and this congress on whether or not taping into the Arctic oil supply is necessary. Proponents of drilling cite that exploration and production can be done without causing any adverse impacts on the Arctic wildlife. Critics however believe drilling will cause unretractable consequences on the pristine Arctic ecosystem. The debate is now in the hands of Congress to decide. Senate bill S.389 could potentially open the 1002 Area of Alaska to oil and gas exploration and production. The bill would allow for the Bureau of Land Management to control activities to ensure that activities â€Å"will result in no significant a... ...y’s population is reliant on science and technology to get us through the challenges we face, I know that we can develop other means to meet our needs, conservation being the key. More Americans must learn to accept conservation as a science. Conservation on practices that require enormous amounts of petroleum and conservation of our environment must be adopted. It is amazing that the US, the most developed country in the world, is so far behind our friends in terms of conservation. It is about time we drill into the American conscious and extract conservative practices. While humans remain here on Earth we will further science and technology and hopefully our betterment will not come at the cost of our world. Work Cited Gibbs, W. Wayt. â€Å"the arctic oil & wildlife refuge.† Scientific American May 2001:pages 62-69. Drilling Alaska: America Needs to Adopt Conservation Practices! Essay Drilling Alaska I recently read an article in Scientific American (May 2001) titled â€Å"the arctic oil & wildlife refuge.† The article addresses the issue of whether or not science has the ability to clarify the potential economic benefits and the ecological risks of drilling into the nation’s last great coastal wilderness preserve. What I began to wonder after reading the article is, if we humans should continue our scientific and technological petroleum endeavors even though we are causing irreversible harm to our earth. My feeling is that we should not drill in Alaska’s Arctic. In the early twentieth century, science and technology brought the automobile. In less than one hundred years, humans especially Americans have grown increasingly dependant on the conveniences born from widespread use of the automobile. In turn Americans are the most reliant population in the world on petroleum. Last year, Americans consumed 19.5 million barrels per day. It is estimated that our use will rise to 23 million by 2010 (Gibbs 2001)! Our insatiable appetite for petroleum has sparked a fiery debate within this country and this congress on whether or not taping into the Arctic oil supply is necessary. Proponents of drilling cite that exploration and production can be done without causing any adverse impacts on the Arctic wildlife. Critics however believe drilling will cause unretractable consequences on the pristine Arctic ecosystem. The debate is now in the hands of Congress to decide. Senate bill S.389 could potentially open the 1002 Area of Alaska to oil and gas exploration and production. The bill would allow for the Bureau of Land Management to control activities to ensure that activities â€Å"will result in no significant a... ...y’s population is reliant on science and technology to get us through the challenges we face, I know that we can develop other means to meet our needs, conservation being the key. More Americans must learn to accept conservation as a science. Conservation on practices that require enormous amounts of petroleum and conservation of our environment must be adopted. It is amazing that the US, the most developed country in the world, is so far behind our friends in terms of conservation. It is about time we drill into the American conscious and extract conservative practices. While humans remain here on Earth we will further science and technology and hopefully our betterment will not come at the cost of our world. Work Cited Gibbs, W. Wayt. â€Å"the arctic oil & wildlife refuge.† Scientific American May 2001:pages 62-69.

The Cost of Discipleship Essay -- Papers

The Cost of Discipleship The definition of the word disciple means a follower or one who learns. Jesus chose several disciples to follow him and to go out and preach his teachings. We are told in the 'call of the disciples' in Mark's gospel that the men Jesus chose weren't special or significant in any way, the men he chose were just normal men consisting of fishermen and tax collectors. Jesus appoints his first four disciples, Simon, Andrew, James and John by simply saying: "Come follow me and I will make you fishers of men." Immediately, they left their things and followed a man they hardly knew. This is the only indication we get that the disciples were in a way special, because the disciples had the courage and trust in God follow Jesus. The same also occurred with the selection of the fifth disciple Levi who was later renamed Matthew. Jesus approaches Matthew in his tax collectors booth and says "follow me", Matthew then rises and follows Jesus. The selection of the disciples seems very strange as none of the...

Taste of Honey: From dependence to independence :: English Literature

Taste of Honey: From dependence to independence 'A Taste of Honey' was written by Shelagh Delaney when she was 18, and published in 1958. Four years later, in 1962, it was turned into a film. It shows life as it really was for many people in and around the slums of Salford, near Manchester, living with the poor housing and lack of opportunity. The characters are genuine; you can really believe in them. Some of the characters were totally different from the usual 'straight-laced' characters that were so common in the kitchen-sink dramas that were around at the time. For instance, a homosexual, a young pregnant unmarried girl, a semi-whore mother and a black sailor all living in the same areas, and some even living in the same houses as each other. This was completely different from the 'safe' plays of the time. There is hope in the play; the characters, especially Jo, are able to overcome their fears and problems and carry on with their lives. The characters in a taste of honey speak like typical working class people in the north of England. There are not many examples of regional dialect, but there are a few, such as when Helen says, 'Eee, there's a terrible draught,' showing that Helen is a resident of Lancashire. The characters drop letters, making them sound more common. There are many examples of this, including Jo saying, 'You packed 'em,' and Helen saying, 'Turn 'em all'. This shows that Helen and Jo are ordinary, common, working class or lower, people. The ancient Greeks believed that a play had to be realistic, and that to be realistic the action of the play should have one setting. The time the play took to act should be equal to the time covered in the plot and that the play should have only one main story. The Greeks called these ideas the 'three unties of time, action and place'. This is different to a taste of honey in that the play, although only having one main plot, has a sub-plot. The main story is the story of Jo, and the sub-plot being Helens story. There are many objects in the play which could contain a hidden meaning, from something a simple as darkness or a light bulb, to deeper things such as an eye patch or children singing. The list is endless. The very first instance of symbolism is the play's title, 'a taste of honey'. A taste is a very small amount for a short period of time. Honey is sweet, and therefore honey represents good. From Jo's point of view, her life is bad.

Medieval romance

In The â€Å"Monkeys paw† a family Is Just trying to get money to pay if their house. C. In The â€Å"Most Dangerous Game† General Croft Just wants to feel the excitement off dangerous hunt. D. Finally In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† a 17th century women Just wants to be tree trot her husbands control. Ill. 2nd body paragraph a. All of the stories use lots of in depth imagery to show characters motive for their actions. B. â€Å"The Monkeys Paw† shows imagery when the soldier takes out the paw and tells the story. This impels Mr.. White to want to use the monkey's paw. . â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† Shows it through General Croft telling his story. He descriptively shows how me began to hunt humans, and how he needed to be challenged again. D. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† uses loads of imagery to show how Mrs.. Mallard came to her realization that she would be better off without her husband controlling her. That is why she is so happy. IV. 3r d body paragraph a. All three stories are similar in that they all end the same way. B. The main character gets what he wants, but has to pay the price. C.In † The Monkeys Paw† Mr.. White get his 200 pounds, but his son dies for it. D. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† Croft gets the hunt he wanted, but Rainstorm kills him. E. Finally in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Mrs.. Mallard ends up free, but only because she died. V. Conclusion that in every story characters get what the want, but not in the way they wanted it. C. D. Though they all differ in the way that each person in each story wants a different a. While the stories all end up almost the same they each end for completely efferent reasons. . In The â€Å"Monkeys paw' a family is Just trying to get money to pay the excitement of a dangerous hunt. D. Finally in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† a 17th century women Just wants to be free from her husbands control. Actions. B. â€Å"The Monkeys Paw' s hows imagery when the soldier takes out the paw and tells the story. This impels Mr.. White to want to use the monkeys paw. C. â€Å"The ‘V. 3rd body paragraph character gets what he wants, but has to pay the price. C. In † The Monkeys Paw' Mr..

Psychoanalytic Analysis Essay

Richard, 44 years old, was referred by his doctor who felt that he had a major drinking problem. Initially, Richard resisted seeing himself as a problem drinker and preferred the idea that he was depressed. Richard exhibits impulsive binge behavior, engages in frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, shows a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, displays inappropriate anger, and manifests extreme mood swings. Nevertheless, it appears that Richard has no significant medical problems or medical history. Richards’s mother died when he was 10 and his father sent him to a private boarding school, feeling that he could not manage to bring up his son by himself. Richard felt that he was abandoned by both of his parents ? by his mother who died and left him and by his father, just when he had most needed his love, companionship and support. He has had three marriages, each of which ended when his wife left. Typically, each woman grew tired of his continual drinking binges and all that went with his alcoholism: getting fired from job after job, not being a father to his children, being abusive both verbally and physically to her and being extremely dependent on her. Consequently, Richard thinks that he did not have what it takes to keep a wife and eventually grew increasingly bitter towards women since they all left him when he needed them the most. In the aspect of his work, he feels a great deal of anger towards his former boss who fired him. He complains that when he was broke his boss took his job away from him and didn’t offer him support. Thus, in his eyes, important men always let him down including male friends who broke contact because of his drinking. Diagnosis (based on the criteria of manifestations), Psychodynamic Analysis, Use of Free Associations, Theoretical Treatment and Conclusion Based on the manifestations presented on the overview of Richard’s case, we can classify him to belong in the group of Psychiatric Disorders known as Personality Disorders. Personality Disorders are â€Å"pervasive chronic psychological disorders† characterized by an individual’s unique psychological traits and inability to form or maintain interpersonal relationships that revolve around the sphere of family, friends, and work environments ((MentalHelp. net, 2001). Richard’s salient manifestations are further classified into the Borderline type of Personality Disorder. Dombeck (2001), in his article â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms† enlisted the following symptoms, which are usually seen in persons with this state: †¢ â€Å"Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation †¢ Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self †¢ Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e. g. , spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating) †¢ Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior †¢ Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e. g. , intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) A chronic feelings of emptiness †¢ Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e. g. , frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights) transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms† (Criteria summarized from: American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. ). Hence, as we can see in the aforementioned clinical manifestations, Richard can truly belong in this type of disorder.  A question may be generated in our minds as to the factors that can trigger the occurrence and aggravation of this disorder in an individual. In line with this, we can device the Psychodynamic approach, which will lead us to trace and analyze the advent of this condition to a person. According to Ballas (2006), one of the root causes or risk factors of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is abandonment issues in childhood. As we can observe, we can directly relate this factor to Richard’s case since he perceived her mother’s death and his father’s decision to send him to the boarding school as abandonment. This issue has affected him in these ways: when his mother died, there was somewhat a feeling of loss as any individual could have when a loved one passes away. However, this feeling was aggravated by the decision of his father. Instead of comforting him, sending him away was the remedy because his father in turn had doubts if he can bring up his son properly. The decision of father was not helpful to the grieving Richard who absolutely by that time needed the support system to help him make it through. Further, this may have caused a significant anxiety, which can prompt the Richard’s disorder. Hence, this disorder as anxiety-related. As defined by Gale (1998), anxiety is an unconscious strategy in which an individual would want to avoid a negative stimulus in view of the fact that it causes a somewhat threat on his or her ego integrity. This must have played a role in Richard’s condition. In this way, defense mechanisms are the way to unleash their feeling within. Defense mechanism is defined and expounded as a psychological mechanism to lessen tension and to protect the ego from potential threat. Defense mechanisms can help an individual cope with anxiety or it can also be harmful. The defense mechanisms that we will be dealing with are still based on the definitions on the same article. As we can evaluate Richard’s symptoms, we can clearly discern the defense mechanisms that he used. Denial was one of them. It was characterized by his resistance to the fact that the doctor said that he has a major drinking problem. Denial was his attempt to eliminate the threatening information that he was confronted. Projection was also used in the aspect of his unsuccessful marriages. It was characterized by blaming his wives who left him to cover up the feeling of inadequacy as a husband to them. In other words, he projected his mistakes to other people. He also used displacement as a defense mechanism, as revealed by his an abusive husband and father. On the other hand, he exhibited five of the criteria for the disorder: impulsive binge behavior, frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, inappropriate anger, pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships and extreme mood swings. The use of free association is helpful in this case as it can help to connect the details of the Richard’s thoughts and experiences. According to Chiriac (translation by Cristea, 2008), in her article â€Å"About the Free Associations Method†, free associations are useful in a way that â€Å"thoughts are autonomously activated by chance verbal associations, influence conscious psychic life in a frequently dramatic manner and the task of psychoanalysis is to bring such complexes to the surface of conscious mind and eventually integrate them into the patient’s life†. Thus, Richard’s thought may have been unveiled and interpreted by the doctor with the use of this method. Levin (2001) shared some important details in the treatment of BPD in her article in MentalHealth. et. She said that the treatment of choice for BPD, as with most personality disorders, is Psychotherapy. Further, it must be noted that making contract with the individuals with suicidal attempts is essential and must be taken as an initial action. Medications may be prescribed. However, there are still controversies on this matter. She also emphasized that the therapists or the clinicians must be firm in handling this individuals because BPD patients are difficult to deal with. As she recommended, the most successful and effective comprehensive approach to date has been Marsha Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy. This psychotherapy seeks to teach the client how to learn to better take control of their lives, their emotions, and themselves through self-knowledge, emotion regulation, and cognitive restructuring and is often conducted within a group setting. In addition, hospitalization will also be of great help since it provides a highly-structured environment necessary for the individual’s independence. As with this disorder, medications are not specifically prescribed. Nevertheless, some medications such as antidepressant and anti-anxiety agents may be necessary to alleviate associated symptoms. Hence, Levin (2001) also emphasized the importance of self-help and support groups for patient’s suffering from this disorder. Therefore, a sufficient understanding of the case has been achieved by those aforementioned points that have been discussed. We have traced how Richard has gotten his condition through a careful analysis of the objective manifestations, which have been presented in the overview of this study. We can associate how the events in Richard’s childhood contributed to the intrapsychic conflicts and anxiety that had developed in him in the course of time. We have utilized some defense mechanism that he used in order to protect his ego from anxiety-provoking stimuli. In this way, we knew how his past had greatly affected his interpersonal relationships, which include that of his previous wives and even on his children. Moreover, the symptoms that he manifested were useful in order for us to identify the disorder that he is into and so we knew that he has five of the necessary criteria to classify him in the Borderline type of Personality Disorders. On the hand, the use of free association method is valuable to recognize the underlying details behind Richard’s disorder. Finally, we learned how psychotherapy is necessary to treat his psychiatric condition, how support-system plays a vital role in achieving proper treatment goal and how hospitalization is necessary to facilitate structured environment for Richard. Thus, we learned how the living environment can truly impact a person’s psychological aspect, or should we say his integrity as a holistic being, throughout his lifetime.

Liberalism

This week essay based on Gerald Macaulay, last week's articles Essay Assignment November 4th Instructions, Guidelines Topics Opinion based on research (secondary) Extension of a week to November 1 lath for any reason 1. What are ideologies 2. Key Feature of Ideologies 3. What Is â€Å"special† about Ideologies? 4. What is the history of the concept? 5. Positive vs.. Negative conception of ideology 6.Complications of studying them What are ideologies? Competing conceptual frameworks Clusters/composites of political beliefs, values and ideas a pattern of social, political, economic, technological and philosophical beliefs that help us organize the world around us. † P. X Grounded in beliefs about human nature and social possibility (what is, and what could be) What do Ideologies do?Explain or Inform – what Is going on? Judge-what should I think about this? Guide political actions- what should do about this? Inform social relations-Who are my allies? My enemies? What Is my relationship to other In this? Etc. Key Features of ideologies Historically contingent-constantly changing/shifting Changes In central concepts (meanings) and also In relation of concepts to other concepts (e. G. Allegations of freedom to equality) Include â€Å"core† and â€Å"adjacent† concepts Both rational and emotional Normative and prescriptive In various affinities/alliances with each other (historically shifting) Include a spectrum of views Frequently claim to be true, to be non-ideological 1 OFF Differentiating ideologies from political theories/philosophies 1) Typicality 2) Influence 3) Conceptual Creativity 4) Communicability History of Ideologies Link to democracy, to concern with public opinion ) As a scientific term of study.

Central Heating

THE HISTORY OF CENTRAL HEATING Brittany Science, 4th, Mr. Leetch, History of an Invention 2/8/13 The History of Central Heating Systems By Brittany Hicken I. Who invented the central heating system? A. We don’t know exactly who invented the first one B. Ancient Romans created the hypocaust C. Greeks created their own version of the hypocaust D. Sergius Orata (80 B. C. ) E. Louis Savot- French (1600) F. Dalsme (1600) G. Dr. John Clarke (1652) H. Benjamin Thompson (1796) I. Count Rumford (1796) J. William Cook (1745) K. William Strutt (1805) L. Eliphalet Knott (1833) M. Isaac Orr (1836) N. Professor Warren Johnson (1873)O. Milton Fessler (1905-1908) II. What were the changes over time? A. It was first the hypocaust, we don’t know when it was invented B. Fixed central hearths date back to 2500 B. C. , they were excavated in Greece C. An under floor heating system was installed in the house of King Arzawa in Beycesutan, Turkey in 1300 B. C. D. The Romans brought technology to a high standard, by creating systems designed by Sergius Orata E. Crude fireplaces were made around 800 A. D. these were widespread in Europe in the 1300’s F. After the 14th century, the next important event was the chimney.Early chimneys were large, so to allow chimney sweepers to climb into them G. Masonry stoves became very common in the 1500’s H. Louis Savot invented the raised grate system and designed a circulating fireplace in the early 1600’s I. The way of stove heating soon had advanced. The first free standing stove, or not connected to anything so it’s not mounted to anything, was the Furnus Acapnos or the smokeless stove invented by Dalsme in France in the later days of 1600’s J. The earliest stove to be introduced to North America is the iron box stove invented by Dr. John Clarke in about 1652 K.William Cook was the first to propose the way of steam heating in 1745 L. M. Bonne constructed an actual hot water heating system instead o f the steam heating system in the late 1700’s M. William Strutt invented a warm air furnace that included of a riveted, wrought iron air chamber encased with bricks. The rivets help seal the air chamber to be air tight, in 1805. This chamber has ducts fed with heated air into rooms. Strutt’s hot air furnaces were referred to as cockle, belper, or derby stoves N. In 1833, Eliphalet Knott invented the stove with base burners O.In 1836, Isaac Orr invented the airtight stove so there would be no heat loss on the inside chamber P. Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school up in Wisconsin and back then the only way to change the temperature was to run downstairs and tell the janitor to turn the wheel in a way to let either more steam or less steam into the room. He later created and patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to make the valves work. He then later created the Johnson Electric Service company Q. â€Å"Coal-less† Mondays were introduced in 191 7 saving coal and stimulating the use for oil and gas since there wasn’t much coal around.R. Milton Fessler invented residential oil burner in California so that residents could have their house easily heated without stoking coal ever hour between 1905-1908 S. By 1926, the Electric Refrigeration News began to publish, â€Å"heating had advanced from the campfire to something so silent, so automatic that we just take for granted and ‘just turn the heat on’ III. When did initially stop changing and industries stated introducing something different and not a huge improvement? A. From the mid 1920’s-1936 B. People started to take the silent heating system for granted C.People were inventing little accessories or little parts to go on to the latest thing but nothing much bigger or more important happened IV. Where did the inventions take place? A. Rome B. Greece C. France D. The United States E. Turkey F. Europe V. Why it was initially created? A. To heat bath water in the Roman Empire B. To heat homes so that people could live comfortably C. To heat specific rooms D. The thermostat was created to control the amount of wanted heat in any specific room, or house VI. What was the hypocaust and how did the hypocaust work? A. The word â€Å"hypocaust† refers to a subfloor radiant heating system B.The word hypocaust come from the Latin word â€Å"Hypocaustum† which meant burning underneath C. These were important to ancient romans because it heated their baths and as well as large rooms D. The small pillars of stacked bricks would have supported a fire proof floor that was heated by air circulation under the floor in a chamber with an external furnace E. The hot gases at the top of this hypocaust below the floor would have been up to about 400 degrees Fahrenheit F. Addition to the hypocaust, some romans had hollow walls to help keep even temperature and prevent condensationWorks Cited By Brittany Hicken A Brief History of Heatin g and Cooling America 0Homes. †Ã‚  Sustainable Dwelling. † William Furr, 10 Jan. 2011. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Archrnews. com. †Ã‚  Archrnews. com. N. p. , 12 Nov. 2001. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. http://www. achrnews. com/articles/an-early-history-of-comfort-heating â€Å"A Short History of Central Heating. †Ã‚  Taco. N. p. , 2012. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Hypocaust. †Ã‚  About. com. N. s. Gill, n. . Web. 11 Jan. 3013. Duffy, Catherine. â€Å"Who Invented the Central Heating System? †Ã‚  EHow. Demand Media, 04 Nov. 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. This paragraph is a run though of the timeline events. Going all the way back to 3000 B. C. the first Hypocaust was born. Ancient Romans had invented the hypocaust. The hypocaust is an under floor heating system that is a chamber that collects heat and leaves it under there. Going up to 2500 B. C. the first fixed central hearths were first excavated in Greece. In 1300 B. C. King Arzawa had an under floor heatin g system installed into his palace in Turkey. Later in 80 B. C. Sergius Orata started to create designs for heating systems and brought technology to the Romans. Crude fireplaces were made around 800 A. D. and were later widely spread throughout Europe in the 1300’s. The chimney was invented around the 1400’s. They were large in diameter so that the Chimney Sweepers could fit up into them to clean them out. 100 years later in 1500, masonry stoves became the â€Å"new thing† to have.They also became very common. Louis Savot invented the raise gate system and designed a circulating fireplace. In early 1600’s, the first standing stove, or not connected to a wall or mounted to anything, was the Furnus Acapnos, or the smokeless stove, invented by Dalsme. He also introduced fresh fuel in the same opening as combustion air, directing all combustion products over already-burning fuel, a design that ensured complete combustion. The iron box stove, the earliest sto ve to be introduced into North America, was invented by Dr. John Clarke.William cook was the first to propose the way of using steam to heat up rooms, in 1745. In the late 1700’s, M Bonne invented an actual hot water heating system instead of William Cook’s steam heating system. In 1805, William Strutt invented a warm air furnace that had a riveted, wrought iron air chamber encased with bricks. This chamber had ducts that fed into rooms and blew heated air into the rooms. The way this chamber was built was to keep the hot air from escaping from the chamber and having heat loss. They were referred to as cockle, belper, or derby stoves.Isaac Orr invented the airtight stove so there would be no heat loss inside the chamber in 1836. Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school in Wisconsin, where the only means of room temperature control was to tell the janitor to go to the basement and adjust steam valves. Johnson developed an electric annunciator system in 1873 that was used to signal the janitor when heat needed adjusting. He continued experimenting and in 1885, patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to operate steam valves. He then established the Johnson Electric Service Co. to manufacture and install his system.Johnson went on to invent the humidistat for control of the humidity in buildings in 1905. In 1905-1908, Milton Fessler invented a residential oil burner so that residents could have their own house heated easily without stoking coal in a fireplace every hour. Coal-less Mondays were introduced in 1917 to save coal and stimulate the use for oil and gas since there wasn’t much coal around or to be found regularly. In 1926, the Electric Refrigeration News began to publish that heating had advanced from the campfire in a cave, to something so silent, so unnoticeable.And in present day, thermostat controls air and ducts are fed in a way we can’t see the m and as well as fed to each room through a vent in which air i s blown out of. We take advantage of just â€Å"turning on the heat† every day that we don’t even bother to thing what had to happen way back when to heat thing up. The way of heating has been a system that not everyone thinks about. It has gone from the campfire, to the hypocaust, to stoves, to compressed valves, to thermostats, to an automatic heating with the push of a button. Over time, the way of heating has improved and impressed many along the way.It used to be having a chimney and stoking coals for five minutes ever hour just to keep the coals burning and hot and giving off heat. To progress this way of heating, there cannot be only one inventor. There are many who have created accessories, or major parts to different systems. The inventors go from ancient Roman empires and ancient Greek empires to people we have never heard of, but have improved life as we know it tremendously. This is the way of heating. Going into B. C. years, there were some unknown dates a nd some known dates. First was campfire.We all have heard off the story where cavemen are in a stark cold cave with a campfire. That’s just an obvious fact. Later on the hypocaust was made my ancient Romans and ancient Greeks. The word hypocaust refers to a subfloor radiant heating system: suspended floor with space for gases and hot smoke. The word hypocaust comes from the Latin  word Hypocaustum  which originally meant a ‘burning underneath'. Hypocausts were very important to Roman’s system of heating. The hypocaust heated baths and large rooms. Along with the hypocaust, there were sometimes hollow walls in ancient structures.These hollow walls would help maintain even temperatures as well as eliminate condensation. The small pillars of stacked bricks would have supported a fireproof floor that was heated by means of air circulation in the under floor chamber with an external furnace as heat source. The art and science of the hypocaust systems was lost afte r the fall of the Roman Empire. Western heating science had advanced very little in the period of the Dark Ages. Around 2500B. C fixed central hearths were excavated in Greece. In 80 B. C. Sergius Orata brought high art designs to Roman technology.At first Romans were only heating up their floors, but later used heated walls and some were designed as early as warm air heating systems. By this, introducing heated air through floor openings. This is the end of the B. C. heating ways. Now going into the A. D. times, from 1600-1800 specifically. In the late 1600’s, Dalsme invented the first freestanding stove, not mounted to a wall, called the Furnus Acapnos to the smokeless stove. He also introduced fresh fuel in the same combustion air directing all products over already burning fuel, a design that ensured itself. The smokeless stove was a great advance but, it was accepted slowly.The earliest stove introduced into North America was the cast iron box stove which was invented by Dr. John Clarke in 1652. This kind of stove was originally made in Holland and later imported into England after1600. Louis Savot invented a raised gate system and designed a circulating fireplace. He used a hollow iron bottom and back in a hearth, at which cold air entered the bottom, was warmed, and entered the room through openings, in early 1600’s. In 1653, Sir Hugh Platt proposed using hot water to dry gun powder and Sir Martin Triewald proposed warming greenhouses with hot water.This might be referred to as the hydronic system, which is the heating of an object by water. In 1735, John Desaguiliers designed the first modern heating blower which was turned by hand by an operator referred to as the ventilator for the British Houses of Parliament. The design of centrifugal, acting from or away from the center, blowers was continually improved in England and Europe during 18-19 century. The early fans were mostly operated by steam engines. In the late 1700’s, M. Bonn e in France constructed an actual hot water heating system using a boiler.The French idea was introduced into England by the Marquis de Chabannes later in 1816. By the 1790’s, the steam heating way had only progressed in England, being used to heat mills and factories. The advantage of steam heating is the avoidance of the expense of insurance. This is the end of the 16th and 17th century. Moving ahead to the 18th and 19th century, there were many important events, inventions, and inventors. In England at about 1805, William Strutt had invented at warm air furnace that included a riveted wrought iron air chamber that is encased with bricks.The design had a couple inches of space between the brick and iron chamber allows air to circulate. A large space on the outside is split horizontally on two sections, the lower for cool air and the upper for heated air. Cool air moves from the lower chamber through the openings and moved out through the upper openings into the heated air c hamber. As well as ducts were fed into rooms in which heated air is blown out of them. His hot air furnaces were referred to as cockle, belper, or derby stoves.December of 1815, Marquis de Chabannes obtained a patent for a method of conducting air, and regulating the temperatures in houses or buildings. Hot air systems were introduced in the U. S. before 1820. The fist building to be centrally heated was the Massachusetts Medical College in 1816. In 1831, Angier Perkins realized the drawbacks of bulky heating systems. So he designed a high pressure hot water system using a small diameter, thick walled wrought iron pipe that he patented. His system heated water in pipe coils placed in a furnace, then circulated hot water to coils of pipe in the rooms to be heated.In 1833, Eliphalet Knott invented the base burners for stoves, and in 1836, Isaac Orr invented the air tight stove so that there would be no heat loss. Joseph Nason and James Walworth introduced the Perkins method of high pr essure hot water heating system in the U. S†¦ But in that same year of 1842, the method was not used. The use of hot water systems had been limited till 1880’s when that had surprisingly become popular. Steam heating for residents had rapidly declined and hot water became the dominant method especially in the eastern part of the United States.Joseph and James installed steam systems afterward, using small diameter wrought iron pipes. They installed numerous amounts of steam systems in large buildings, including the White House and the Capitol building. In 1846, James and Nason installed the first fan type system for the United States Customs House in Boston. Later in 1849, F. P. Oliver had invented a stove with thermostatic draft control. By 1851, catalogs started to list cast iron registers, which are often 12-by-24-inch grills covering a large air-intake tube. Outflow vents vary in size depending on the room.A common size is 10 by 12 inches for most living spaces, avai lable in black, white, finished, gold, bronze, or just with nickel plating. They would package them with straw in a wooden crate. Packing was expensive. Stephen Gold was a Connecticut stove maker who began experimenting. The steam heating systems seemed too complicated and unsafe, but furnaces had seemed completely uncomplicated and very safe. Many people were uncomfortable in building heated by air because they had seamed scorched. Gold had overcome these issues and was granted a patent for improvement in warming houses by steam.Gold’s system was unique at the time. Large steam systems used coils or rows of pipe to heat rooms, while Gold used the first radiator, a device consisting of two dimpled iron sheets that were riveted together at dimples. The edges were rolled over with a piece of cord as a gasket, which is a rubber seal. Gold’s radiator came to be called â€Å"the mattress radiator† due to the way it looked, in 1854. In the same year, Gold invented a b oiler which was made of wrought iron and included a draft regulator along with a water valve.This system was later manufactured by Connecticut Steam Heating Company. Radiators date to 1863. Joseph Nason and a new face of Robert Briggs patented a new design including vertical wrought iron tubes screwed into a cast iron base. The golden age for warm air furnaces was after the Civil War. In 1869 a shoemaker by the name of Benjamin F. Sturtevant patented a combination fan and heat exchanger for two purposes: 1) for cooling 2) for heating. He established a company to manufacture and sell fans and heating systems. Here is a story that took place in 1873.Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school in Wisconsin where the only way to change the temperature was to run down to the janitor and have him turn the valves of air to change it to either warm or cool. Johnson developed an electric annunciator, which is electronic signaling device, system that was used to signal the janitor when heatin g need to be adjusted. In 1885, he created and patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to operate the valves. He later established the Johnson Electric Service Company to manufacture and in install his systems. By 1874, Nelson Bundy invented the most popular cast iron radiator.In 1886, Albert Butz patented a thermostat that controlled damp drafts. The thermostat was electric, using battery to activate a spring loaded motor. In the 1890’s, the heating systems were quite sophisticated. Some included thermostatic and zone control, which is a forced air system. All of the early inventions of forced air systems had concerned themselves with large buildings. These combinations of the 1890’s of a fan and a heater were referred to as the plenum or the hot blast systems. In 1895, Charles Foster patented a damper type register. In 1899, Novelty Manufacturing Company was the first to make the steel register.The most successful hot blast system was the Vento sectional cast iron surface invented by John Spear in 1903, which was manufactured by American Radiator Company. Professor Warren Johnson went to invent the humidistat to control the humidity of a home in 1905. In that same year, manufacturers were frightened and formed the Federal Furnace League to elevate warm air heating to the rightfully deserved position. In 1905-1908, Milton Fessler invented a residential oil burner so that residents could have their own house heated easily without stoking coal in a fireplace every hour.During 1912, residents and homeowners had to wake up early to stoke the coal in the fire and replace the coal with fresh coal. Guesswork and experience helped tell how much coal to use. The first electric coal stoker that was controlled by a thermostat was invented in 1912, and by 1920 electric coal stokers could be found by anyone. During WWI, there was a coal shortage and the government had to find a way to conserve energy gave a slight nudge to the automatic systems. Lawrence Soule improved his idea of Aerofin heating surfaces. This Aerofin idea used spirally wrapped copper sheets to produce a light weight eat exchanger, during the 1920’s. After WWI, Butz Thermoelectric Regulator Company had pushed the idea of oil burner controls and had met with the Honeywell Heating Specialties in 1927 to form the Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Company, or know to us today as Honeywell Incorporated. The heating systems of the 19th century operated with a low pressure, only using one to two pipes and a boiler or steam engine for the steam source. This is pretty much the last of the 18th-19th century events and inventions. This last paragraph explains the inventions and events in the 20th century.There are four main different types of modern central heating, consisting of gas and oil burners, solid fuel central heating, radiators, and electric heating. Gas and oil burners can be chimneys because they use gas to and oil to burn the wood to make a fire, wh ich warms up the room. Solid fuel central heating systems provide hot water, warm water, or any kind of heated liquid. Radiators  are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. They distribute the heat by natural air circulation.The process of electric heating involves electrical energy being converted to heat through an electrical appliance. Other ways to heat homes are wood stoves, forced air systems, and by radiant heat. We also use thermostats that just â€Å"change† the temperature of rooms by the push of a button, that we often just take advantage of it. Houses often had ducts that come from a furnace that go to each room and blow air when you change the temperature on the thermostat. Some houses have a large panel of widows instead of a wall and the suns radiation waves go through the window and transfer into radiant heat to warm out the house.Another system houses have is called the forced air s ystem. Air is pushed by fans into a furnace and when it comes out, there are more fans after the furnace to push the air down the ducts and into the vents which lead into the room. This leads up to the year of 2013. So as it’s obvious, central heating has come a long way and improved much over the years. Many are impressed by this complicated technology and impressed by the intricate designs and inventions over the years. As spoiled people with high expectations of high quality technology, we have taken advantage of the heating systems.We just â€Å"turn on the heat† or â€Å"turn on the AC† and not even thinking about what has had to happen for this technology to come up to where it is. Heating is very important because without it we would not exist. We would freeze to death, literally. We owe a lot of thanks to all the inventors way back then who made this invention a lifestyle and a luxury. Heating has advanced so tremendously, from the campfire in a cave to something so silent so unnoticeable in life, from the hypocausts to the furnace, from the freestanding stoves to the chimneys.When we use heat or use a thermostat, we don’t tend to think about how heat has progressed. We think about the necessity of warmth, and how we are going to â€Å"freeze to death. † This paper and research has made me more aware of what happened for society to get heat, and has made me appreciate what I have. Fifty-four percent of the energy used in the average home is for heating and cooling rooms, and there are 114,199,622 households in the US as of the 2010 census. That’s a lot of energy used! The most simplistic way to put it is that we take advantage of things we have every day. I am thankful for heat, are you?